An operating system is needed not only for PCs, but also for servers. Nowadays, various server operating systems are produced, which differ in functionality, performance and cost. How to choose one of them?

What is a server OS and why is it needed?

A server OS is an operating system installed on server hardware. Installation and debugging of such an OS is included in server maintenance. It is intended primarily for managing server software, which is designed to serve all network users.

The server OS should be selected based on which server it will be installed on. Novice administrators usually choose the most familiar system, and they turn out to be wrong. Server maintenance professionals have long highlighted the benefits of all existing systems for each specific server.

Types of server OS

The most commonly used operating system for a server is:

• Windows Server 2003. This system was released quite a long time ago, but it cannot be called outdated. It is considered the most universal. It may have a graphical shell, but in this case it requires too many system resources. Perfect option for creating a terminal server, as well as for novice system administrators.
• Windows Server 2008 R2. One of the most productive OS. Great for file, terminal servers. In general, this system is quite universal, but it consumes much more resources than its analogues.
• Ubuntu Server 10.10. The leader in popularity among unix systems. Made on the Linux kernel. Despite the fact that the system does not have an interface, it is even easier to configure than Windows Server OS. Consumes few resources and is inexpensive. It is easy to install and maintain, it is quite reliable and versatile.
• CentOS 5.5. One of the most stable operating systems, is perfect for those servers that need to ensure long-term, trouble-free operation.
• Gentoo. Also based on Linux. It features very flexible settings and opportunities for obtaining high performance with proper server maintenance carried out by professionals.
• FreeBSD 8.2. One of Unix-like systems, an ideal solution for creating a web server. Used on the most important servers that provide access to irreplaceable information. It can withstand significant traffic loads and runs on one of the most reliable operating systems.

Here are the main server OSes with a brief list of their pros and cons. And, of course, it’s up to you to decide!

The choice of a network operating system is a strategic decision made by an organization based on the specific requirements for the platform on which business solutions are expected to be built. Support remains important among these requirements. network services And general access to files and printers.

The purpose of a server operating system is to manage applications that serve all users corporate network, and often external users. Such applications include modern systems database management, network management tools and network event analysis, directory services, messaging and groupware tools, Web servers, mail servers, corporate firewalls, application servers for a wide variety of purposes, server parts of business applications. The performance and reliability requirements of these operating systems are very high; often this includes support for clusters (a set of a number of computers of the same type that perform the same task and share the load among themselves), and the possibility of duplication and redundancy, and reconfiguration of software and hardware without rebooting the operating system.

The choice of a server operating system and a hardware platform for it is primarily determined by what applications must be run under its control (at a minimum, the selected applications must exist in a version for this platform) and what requirements are imposed on its performance, reliability and availability.

In our project we will compare 2 types of server OS: Windows Server and Linux.

It is quite difficult to analyze all the forums, letters, interactive messages that were devoted to one single topic: which is better - Windows or Linux. Both operating systems have an entire army of supporters who fiercely defend their beliefs, provide irrefutable arguments and do everything. To prove the advantages of their “favorites”. Often such disputes are overly emotional and rather superficial.

Of course, today everyone knows Windows; recognition of this brand is very high all over the world. For many years, Windows has been the leader in the operating system market, with a share of up to 90%. The palm belongs to Windows in the field of home operating systems - the popularity of Windows 10 is undeniable. A convenient and intuitive graphical user interface, stable operation, minimal settings, and other characteristics have won the hearts of millions of users around the world.

The situation is slightly different with the Windows Server network operating system. Historically, Windows Server (2012 R2) has gained market share through an uphill battle against UNIX. And other operating systems, since UNIX was the main operating system in the world in the 80s of the 20th century. After the release of Windows NT 3.1, Microsoft's network operating system began to attract more supporters (as the x86 architecture developed). As a result, it has become the primary architecture for processors used in home and office computers. In parallel with the development of Microsoft's network operating system, major changes were also taking place in the UNIX world, which led to the emergence of a new system - Linux.

Linux should be understood as the general name for an architecture based on a single software kernel. This kernel is the basis on which the various versions of the Linux operating system developed by many developers are built. Such packages include, in particular, Red Hat, SuSE, Mandriva (formerly Mandrake), etc.

operating room Linux system Based on the UNIX architecture, but evolving in its own way. Its main difference from UNIX is that Linux is a free operating system. In addition, Linux is characterized by excellent stability, security and performance. The main areas of application for Linux are corporate servers, Web servers, email gateways.

However, these functions can also be performed by a powered system. Windows based Server. To decide on the choice of operating system, let's compare some of their features.

User graphical interface

The ease of working with an operating system depends entirely on its user graphical interface. Many years ago there was no such thing as a graphical interface, and most work was done in character mode. It is thanks to the provision of an easy-to-read graphical interface that the Windows operating system has become so popular among home and office users. The very concept of “convenience” in the context of a graphical interface can be interpreted in different ways. Of course, a well-designed interface should be clear, not overloaded with visual elements, and at the same time provide effective means for sorting and presenting screen elements. However, a simple habit also makes the interface convenient. If a person has worked with one type of interface for a long time, then switching to another can be quite difficult. It is this fact that largely explains the popularity of Windows - if someone is used to graphical Windows interface, then the Linux interface will seem “unusual”, “complicated” and “incomprehensible”. Although this is not entirely true, Linux has enough user-friendly interface, enough practice.

Safety

The issue of security is critical for any server. Server equipment It's better to buy one with a built-in firewall. The server of any company usually stores important data, the confidentiality of which must be guaranteed. Over the past few years, cases of illegal entry into computer networks companies and organizations in order to obtain information or to disable the entire network. It is for this reason that a modern operating system must provide the highest possible level of protection against “hacking” and computer viruses.

The possibility of “hacking” and infection by computer viruses became possible mainly due to shortcomings in the security system of the operating system. For example, exploiting a software bug such as a buffer overflow can result in remote control over the user's entire system. There are thousands of similar errors, and new ones appear every day.

But the leader in their number is currently Windows. It is enough to go to any Web site dedicated to computer security issues and see how many errors have been identified for, for example, such a popular Windows programs, How Internet Explorer. The result is unlikely to be reassuring. The security level of Windows can be considered relatively low; Tens of thousands of computer viruses are designed to harm Windows 10 and Windows Server R2 2012, and the situation is getting worse every year.

Linux's positioning as the "most secure operating system" is generally true. While there are daily reports of new security flaws in Windows, much less is known about computer viruses for Linux. Does this mean that Linux is a more secure system than Windows? It is impossible to give a definite answer to this question. In any case, there is no “total” advantage of Linux over Windows in the field of security. The small number of computer viruses for Linux is largely due to the fact that the popularity of this system among home users is extremely low.

In any case, Windows cannot be considered completely “defenseless”. The security system of this operating system is constantly being improved, and using antivirus programs And firewalls(required also for Linux), Windows security can be considered sufficient.

Operation stability

Stability of operation is another argument that is given in favor of Linux. Many Windows users are familiar with the phenomenon “ blue screen of death". This fatal error is caused by a critical incompatibility of certain software components, happens quite often, and it can take a lot of time to solve it. Windows-based systems freeze when the only way out is to restart the computer.

The stability of Linux has become almost legendary. When normal Windows user may restart the computer several times a day, Linux users often work for months without a single reboot. Many servers on Linux based can function without rebooting for a whole year or more. At the same time, errors in program operation certainly occur in Linux, but their consequences are often less significant than in Windows.

The above lists a number of advantages of Linux, but the conclusion that Linux is the most stable operating system is also ambiguous.

Many Windows-based servers work in the same way for many months without a single reboot; many home users reinstall Windows no more than once every year and a half. It all depends on the conditions of use of the operating system and methods of working with it.

Possibilities

The possibilities of both Windows and Linux are almost limitless. Both operating systems allow you to fully configure the server to perform one or more functions. As a result of the development of server operating systems Windows systems and Linux, typical areas of their application have gradually developed, and in some of them there is an advantage of Windows over Linux and vice versa.

Today, Linux is one of the most popular operating systems for use as a Web server. More than half of all Internet sites operate on servers running Linux control and Apache Web server. DNS servers, print servers, file servers, email server, FTP server and much more are tasks that can be efficiently implemented using Linux.

The Windows operating system also has its advantages. Perhaps the main advantage Windows server and implemented on Windows local network is a directory service Active Directory. This service was first introduced in Windows 2000 Server and expanded in Windows Server R2 2012 and Windows Server 2008. The service provides centralized network management and allows you to efficiently add, remove, and move resources such as user accounts, printers, servers, databases, and computers , security policies and much more. In many ways, the popularity of Windows is due to Active Directory.

This is the only aspect in which Linux has an unconditional advantage. Various Linux versions are developed under the GPL license and are available for download and use free of charge, without any licensing or other costs. Likewise, tens of thousands of programs for Linux are free, among which you can find applications to perform any task. Row paid programs, intended for Windows, has free analogues in the Linux world. So, the office software package Microsoft Office there is a free competitor to OpenOffice (as well as some other packages).

In turn, the cost of both the Windows server operating system itself and licenses for its use can reach an impressive amount, which will most likely be higher than the cost of the hardware components of the server itself. In addition, the cost of licenses for user and ton Windows 10 systems on the local network should be added to this amount.

Justification for choice

On the Linux side - cost, stability, high efficiency and security. On the Windows side there is also high operating efficiency, wider distribution and a familiar interface, the Active Directory directory service, hundreds of thousands of programs developed specifically for Windows. You should also take into account the huge number of updates offered daily by Microsoft, Service Packs that are periodically released for operating systems and other applications. Quite a lot of financial programs are created exclusively for Windows, however using Linux for various databases in Lately has become common practice. And in conclusion, let’s talk about the considerable cost of licenses for Windows, which contrasts with the opportunity to get Linux and most programs for free.

It would seem that many advantages are on the side of Linux, an operating system that is developing more than actively. Nevertheless, she has. considerable shortcomings. First of all, Linux administration requires higher qualifications than Windows management Server basic Windows services Server R2 2012 can be customized with an intuitive interface and on-screen prompts. At Linux setup You will have to work with the command line and scripting languages. Which, of course, is somewhat more complicated. The free nature of Linux, oddly enough, is also a disadvantage of the operating system. Very many Linux programs(like herself) are not provided with any technical support or maintenance, therefore all tasks for their installation and maintenance, and solving other various problems are assigned to the system administrator. This factor can become a serious drawback and even a threat to the stability of the entire network infrastructure of the company if the server administrator is not sufficiently experienced in working with Linux.

In Fig. 21comparison of Windows Server and Linux server operating systems for a Web server.

rice. 21 Comparison of server operating systems Windows Server and Linux for Wep server.

Figure 22 shows a comparison of the Windows Server and Linux server operating systems for a file server.

Rice. 22 Comparison of Windows Server and Linux server operating systems for a file server.

Conclusion: In this thesis project, we chose Linux OS for the Wep server and Windows Server for the file server.

A server operating system is software that provides a computer with special capabilities, since setting up a computer with a server operating system installed on it turns it into a server (a server is a computer capable of serving shared resources on a network). As a result, such an operating system makes the server the control center for all requests from client computers that try to access local network resources.

Server operating systems have changed a lot over the past 15 years. The first systems were mainly intended to provide file and print services to users. That is, to deploy other types of servers on the network, such as Web servers and application servers, it was necessary to install a certain number of servers, each of which performed only one function.

Today, networking software has become more complex and supports many different services, meaning a single server can provide both remote access and Web services, as well as serve as a router between two IP subnets. The interface of network operating systems has also become more friendly to system administrators.

For example, many platforms, such as Microsoft Windows Server 2003 and Novell NetWare 6.x, provide many different services beyond file and printer access. These services include remote access and management of the Web site, as well as support for network services such as DHCP and DNS. The network operating system utilities used to manage the server have a graphical user interface, unlike command line, making it easier to configure and monitor the network.

1.5.2 Interaction between the client and the server operating system

To exchange information between a network client and server, client computers must be equipped with software that “configures” them to work on the network. Such software is called network client software.

When a computer accesses a file on a local hard drive or a directly connected printer, the request is sent to the computer's processor. The processor executes the request and either opens specified file, or sends a print job to the printer. All these operations are carried out locally. Network client software installed on a client computer performs a special operation that causes the computer to consider network resources to be local.

This process is carried out by a component of network client software called a redirector. It intercepts any requests made on the computer, such as a request to open a specific file or print data to a printer. If the redirector detects that the user wants to access a remote file on the server or print to network printer, the request is sent to the network server. If access to a local file (on the computer's hard drive) is requested, the redirector passes the request to the computer's processor and the request will be processed locally.

First acquaintance with any new system starts with its installation. Despite the fact that this topic is quite hackneyed and only lazy people did not write about it, without a description of the installation process our cycle for beginners will be incomplete. We will try to not only tell you how to install the system, but also why we choose certain settings and what they affect. We will also consider installing the server version of Ubuntu, since our cycle is intended specifically for novice administrators, so that they can eliminate knowledge gaps and consciously approach the perception of the rest of our materials.

Since the main system for our solutions is Ubuntu Server, we will install it. The latest release can always be obtained from the page: http://www.ubuntu.com/download/server. We strongly recommend using only LTS versions, as they are the most stable and have a long support period. Regular versions, as a rule, are testing grounds for new technologies and can be unstable, not to mention the fact that a support period of 9 months is absolutely unacceptable for working server systems.

The first thing you will see when booting from the installation media is the language selection menu:

Its choice determines not only what language the installer and the system will communicate with you in, but also what locales will be generated. The set of locales affects not only how characters from national alphabets will be displayed, but also the operation of some programs and services that are critical to regional settings, for example, 1C Server.

After which the system, already in the language you have selected, will offer to proceed with the installation and indicate the country it offers, based on the selected language.

Automatic layout detection should be abandoned:

And select the required layout from the list; in most cases, it is enough to agree with the choice of system:

Then you should specify the key combination to switch it. We strongly discourage, unless it is your personal system, specifying anything other than the default Alt+Shift. Because it is extremely unpleasant, finding yourself in an unfamiliar system, to guess which particular combination was chosen by the administrator who installed it.

The next step the system will try to get network settings, since most networks have a DHCP server, at this stage the system will configure the network and gain access to the Internet.

If for some reason you cannot automatically obtain network settings, you can specify them manually or skip this step. For educational purposes only, we will select the item Skip network setup for now.

After this, you will need to specify the system name and user name. Please remember that in Ubuntu Account root is disabled and the user created at this stage receives the authority to elevate his rights to superuser using the command sudo. See our article for more details:. Also, do not forget that Linux is a case-sensitive system, so it is good practice to use only lowercase, including in usernames.

You should also refuse the offer to encrypt your home directory.

Then enter your current time zone. This setting should be approached responsibly, since an incorrectly set time zone can lead to incorrect operation a number of services or lead to the appearance of unreliable information in applications, for example, in the calendar or task scheduler, especially if the data is used by users located in other time zones. In this case, it is important to choose your own time zone, and not the corresponding offset from GMT. This is necessary so that if the time zones in your country change, the system will correctly apply the updates.

In Russian realities, it may happen that the distribution was released before the time zone changes were made, and the current zone is not in the list, which is what we see in the figure above. In this case, you should select the zone that was before the clock change and, after installing and updating the system, use the recommendations from our article:

After setting the time, we move on to the most important stage - setting up the disk. The system offers several options, including automatic marking. In most cases, we choose this item. If we talk about a single disk, then we see no point in splitting it into partitions, with the exception of desktop systems, where it is worth putting it on a separate partition /home.

In loaded systems, it makes sense to remove sections with data, for example, /var/www or /opt/zimbra, to separate disk arrays. If you want to install the system on software RAID, then refer to the article:. In other cases, feel free to choose automatic partitioning without LVM, in this case a swap partition will be created on the disk ( swap) in GB units and the root partition on the remaining space.

Another important issue is installing updates. On the one hand, updates allow you to close vulnerabilities in a timely manner and keep the system up to date; on the other hand, an uncontrolled update can easily lead to serious failures. What to do is up to you. We prefer to install updates manually on critical systems, after testing them on a specially dedicated system, but if you are setting up a router, then updates can be enabled.

After installing the system base, the installer will prompt you to select software sets for installation. You can select the necessary roles at this stage and get a system ready for configuration. Is this bad, especially for a novice administrator? Badly! And here's why: with this approach, the system remains a “black box” for the administrator; there is no idea about the purpose of individual packages, their role and impact on the system as a whole. Therefore, we recommend that you reject the suggested options and install the required packages manually. This will help you gain a deeper understanding of the system and the interactions between its components. And when you start to feel Linux environment Like a fish in water, you decide for yourself whether you need to install the software automatically.

Therefore, we do not select anything and (by clicking Tab) go to point Continue.

While the system is being installed, you can quickly run and pour yourself a cup of coffee; even on not very powerful systems, this operation does not take much time.

At the end of this process, the installer will prompt you to install the bootloader; you should agree with this proposal, unless you are planning a system with some kind of “tricky” boot system:

After which you will be asked to reboot the system, the installation will be completed and you will have a full-fledged server operating system at your disposal.

So, the first login to the system, we would not have written about it if not for the reader response, which showed that many had difficulties at this point. So, on Linux systems, the process of entering a password is not visually displayed in any way; you just need to type the desired combination of characters and press Enter, although outwardly the system behaves as if nothing is happening. This behavior is inherited from UNIX systems and serves security purposes so that an attacker cannot find out the length of your password.

Once you've logged in, the first thing to do is set up your network. As you remember, we did not make any settings at the installation stage, so the ability to install additional packages We don’t have it and we should get out of the situation with what we have. By default, the system has text editornano, it is not as convenient as the built-in editor mc, but you need to know how to use it, just in case of such situations.

First of all, let’s elevate our rights to superuser:

And open the configuration file with network settings in the editor:

Nano /etc/network/interfaces

And let's bring its contents to the following form:

Auto lo
iface lo inet loopback

auto eth0
iface eth0 inet static
address 192.168.44.62
netmask 255.255.255.0
gateway 192.168.44.2
dns-nameservers 192.168.44.2 8.8.8.8

First section auto lo specifies settings for the loopback interface and is already present in the file. The second section specifies the settings of the external network interface eth0 to work with static address. The options are clear and do not require separate explanations; the addresses, of course, are taken solely as an example. If your server has several network adapters, then you should register a section for each of them.

Let's say we want to receive the settings of the second network adapter eth1 via DHCP, for this we will add a section:

Auto eth1
allow-hotplug eth1
iface eth1 inet dhcp

Let's talk a little about the options auto And auto-hotplug. The first specifies to initiate a connection at boot, and the second triggers the mechanism to monitor hot reconnection and initiate the acquisition of an address when this event occurs.

When you have finished editing the file, you should exit the editor by Ctrl+X, affirmative ( Y) by responding to the offer to write the file.

Then restart your computer:

If everything is done correctly, the system will have access to the network and the Internet. You can check this with the ping command:

Ping ya.ru

The execution of the command should be interrupted with the combination Ctrl + C, remember this combination, it will come in handy more than once.

You can view the settings of network interfaces with the command

Ifconfig

With the same command you can find out which network cards the system sees and under what names, to do this, use the parameter HWaddr, which represents the MAC address of the network card.

Before proceeding with further configuration, the system should be updated; to do this, we will again raise the rights to superuser and update the list of packages with the command:

Apt-get update

Then update the system with the command:

Apt-get upgrade

We carefully study the output of the command, as we see, for some reason three packages are not updated, in this case these are kernel packages. Therefore, we will try to update them manually. To do this, run the command:

Apt-get install linux-generic

Which will install a new kernel and dependency packages for it. After updating, it is also recommended to reboot the system.

After the reboot, install the administration tools: package ssh for remote access to the server and file manager mc, which greatly simplifies working with the system.

Apt-get install ssh mc

To start mc use a simple command:

if you want to run it with superuser rights.

Working with it is quite simple; those who have worked in DOS with Norton Commander or Volkov Commander managers should not experience any difficulties at all.

Navigation is carried out using arrows, switching between panels with a key Tab, and selecting with the key Insert. The main actions are indicated below, the numbers next to them indicate the number function key responsible for this action, for example, F4 - Edit, F8 - Delete, F10 - Exit. You can always collapse and then expand mc with the keyboard shortcut Ctrl+O and access the console.

In the window that opens, use the arrows to navigate to the option Built-in editor and select it using the key Space. To confirm the settings and exit, press Further.

This will allow you to immediately use it for editing configuration files more convenient than nano built-in editor.

Finally, let's check the possibility remote connection, for this we will use the popular utility PuTTY(download). IN latest version just need to specify the IP address or Domain name servers:

However, just in case, check Window - Translation

Report on the topic
"Server operating
systems"
Creation of IT infrastructure for any modern company
usually starts with choosing infrastructure software
software, in particular server operating systems. IN
In this report we will focus on the most famous server
operating systems and tell you about the areas of their application.

Purpose of server
operating systems
The purpose of a server operating system is to manage
applications serving all users of the corporate network, and
often external users as well. Such applications include
modern database management systems, management tools
networks and network event analysis, directory services, exchange tools
messaging and group work, Web servers, mail servers,
corporate firewalls, application servers of a wide variety of
destinations, server parts of business applications. Requirements to
performance and reliability of these operating systems are very
high; often this includes support for clusters (a set of a number of similar
computers performing the same task and sharing
load), and the possibility of duplication and redundancy, and reconfiguration
software and hardware without rebooting the operating system
systems.
Selecting a server operating system and hardware platform for it in
primarily determined by which applications are under its control
must be running (at a minimum, the selected applications must
exist in a version for a given platform) and what are the requirements
requirements for its performance, reliability and availability

Windows Server 2003
The main features of this family of operating systems are the presence in their composition
Microsoft platforms. NET Framework, as well as support for XML Web services (up to availability in
part of the UDDI server operating system).
Windows Server 2003 comes in four editions:
Windows Server 2003 Web Edition - operating system for deployment and maintenance
Web applications and Web services, including ASP .NET applications;
Windows Server 2003 Standard Edition - a network operating system for running server
part of business solutions and designed for use in small companies and divisions.
Features resource sharing and centralized deployment capabilities
applications for desktop computers, and also supports up to 4 GB of RAM
memory and symmetric multiprocessing using two processors;
Windows Server 2003 Enterprise Edition is an OS that is primarily intended for mid-range and
large companies. It supports servers based on 64-bit processors (up to eight) and
volume random access memory up to 64 GB and is available in versions for 32- and 64-bit platforms;
Windows Server 2003 Datacenter Edition is an operating system that is used to create
critical technical solutions With high requirements to scalability and
availability. Such solutions include applications for processing transactions in the mode
real time, as well as solutions based on the integration of several server products. IN
This OS supports symmetric multiprocessing using
up to 32 processors, and there are also load balancing services and cluster creation services, consisting of
of eight nodes. This OS is available for 32-bit and 64-bit platforms.

Windows Server 2008 R2
Windows Server 2008 R2 - more advanced, in
in terms of new technologies, operating system
Microsoft company. This system is
leader in many performance tests
server operating systems. For example,
it is best to raise the file server to
this OS. In addition, in this operating room
system: improved virtualization support,
new version of the Active Directory directory service,
support for up to 256 processors, unlike
Windows Server 2003 is also better here
a “terminal server” has been implemented. Plus
of this platform is that it is like
for high-quality performance of almost all
tasks, and the downside is that it requires more
resources unlike their relatives.

UNIX
operating room UNIX system refers to “long-livers”
server operating systems market - it was created in
late 60s at Bell Laboratories of AT&T.
A distinctive feature of this OS that determined it
"survivability" and popularity was that the core of the operating
systems written in assembly language were small, then
like the rest of the operating system was
written in C. This approach made it easily portable
on a wide variety of hardware platforms and
operating system and applications created for it.
An important advantage of UNIX was its openness,
allowed to simultaneously exist as commercial,
and non-commercial versions of UNIX.
Features common to all versions of UNIX are
multiplayer mode with security features
data from unauthorized access, implementation
multiprogram processing in split mode
time, the use of virtual memory mechanisms and
swapping, unification of input-output operations,
hierarchical file system, various means
interaction of processes, including internetworking.

Ubuntu Server 10.10
Ubuntu Server 10.10 uses the Linux kernel, and what's nice is that
the software product is much cheaper than many others,
listed in this report
Many beginners system administrators feel fear and
horror when it comes to interfaceless unix-like operating systems
systems, explaining this by saying that “it’s complicated and not clear.” However
setting up these operating systems is much easier than setting up the same
Windows Server 2008 R2 itself, where there is an infinite number of different
options and settings. And in Unix systems, all configuration comes down to editing
configuration files. Also, as noted above, the data
systems require significantly fewer resources than analogues with
graphical interface.
Ubuntu Server 10.10 is easy to install and maintain,
provides high reliability and performance, and also has
high level of security and great for almost everyone
tasks.

Gentoo Linux
Gentoo is a Linux distribution, popular because it is extremely flexible in
setting and correct setting you will benefit as a result
in productivity.
Gentoo Linux is called a meta-distribution because it is based on
you can create a system suitable for any task: be it desktop,
workstation, server, diskless terminal or router. Such
flexibility is achieved through the portage mechanism, which is somewhat similar
to the BSD port system. With USE flags you are not dependent on
maintainers and put together packages with the options you need.
It is also known for the fact that this distribution is used only by
professionals in their field, since this very setting requires
certain knowledge. Gentoo has a number of its advantages such as
fast speed and great user community.

FreeBSD
FreeBSD is a Unix-like operating system, very popular among
Internet companies, since this operating system is perfect for
all kinds of web servers.
FreeBSD great option for a web server because it is a powerful TCP/IP stack with support for industry standards such as SLIP, PPP, NFS, DHCP and
NIS. And therefore FreeBSD can easily interact with other systems, and
also work as a server for a large enterprise, providing vital
features such as NFS ( remote access to files) and email services,
or represent your organization online by providing such services
like: WWW, FTP, routing and firewall functions.
FreeBSD runs some of the largest and busiest sites on the Internet
(e.g. Yahoo!) and a large share of all other sites
But FreeBSD can be used not only as a platform for an Internet server, but also as a regular server that performs all those tasks
that run other server operating systems and limit
FreeBSD features are not needed. FreeBSD is highly secure and
productivity. In addition, this operating system is completely
is free and, among other things, FreeBSD is developed and supported
large team of developers.

Solaris (Sun
Microsystems)
The Sun Solaris operating system is one of the most famous today
commercial versions of UNIX. This OS has advanced support tools
networking and represents one of the most popular
platforms for developing corporate solutions - there are about 12 for it
thousands of different applications, including application servers and DBMS from almost
all leading manufacturers.
Solaris meets many industry standards and features
high scalability. For the vast majority of applications this
the operating system provides almost linear growth
performance when increasing the number of processors due to symmetric
multiprocessor computing. Solaris currently supports
SPARC and Intel x86 processors.
Among the features of Solaris 9, it is worth noting support for up to 1 million simultaneously
running processes, up to 128 processors in one system and up to 848 processors
in a cluster, up to 576 GB of physical RAM, file support
systems up to 252 TB in size, configuration management tools and
changes, built-in compatibility with Linux.
The Solaris 9 operating system is the foundation of an open network
Sun Open Net Environment (Sun ONE). Solaris 9 ships with
key Sun ONE applications: Application Server, Directory Server, Integration
Server, Message Queue, Portal Server, Web Server.

10.

HP-UX (Hewlett-Packard)
HP-UX operating system, developed by Hewlett-Packard,
is a descendant of AT&T System V. Its latest version, HP-UX 11i, is available for
two hardware platforms - PA_RISC and Itanium - and is focused primarily
image to servers manufactured by Hewlett-Packard.
Among the features of HP-UX 11i it is necessary to mention the means of integration with Windows and
Linux, including porting tools for Java applications developed for these
platforms, as well as tools for improving the performance of Java applications.
In addition, HP-UX 11i supports Linux API, which ensures portability
applications between HP-UX and Linux. Note that applications for HP-UX 11i
can be transferred between the two hardware platforms it supports without
changes and recompilation.
Speaking about the performance and scalability of HP-UX 11i, we should
note that one copy of the operating system supports up to 256
processors; Clusters up to 128 nodes are also supported. Besides
this platform supports connecting and disconnecting additional
processors, hardware replacement, dynamic configuration and
updating the operating system without the need to reboot, backup
on-line copying and disk defragmentation without turning off the system.
Choice software for this operating system is very
wide - these include application servers from leading manufacturers, Web and WAP servers, search servers, caching tools, and directory services.

11.

AIX (IBM)
AIX is a clone of IBM's UNIX designed for
execution on IBM @server pSeries and RS/6000 servers. Like HP-UX, this
The operating system is compatible with Linux.
AIX 5L features include fully 64-bit kernels,
device drivers and application runtime (there is also
32-bit kernel, as well as support for 32-bit applications),
support 256 GB RAM, support files up to
1 TB, convenient administration tools, support for clusters (up to
32 computers), developed network support tools.
AIX provides self-tuning capabilities for the system using the following:
functions such as increasing power as needed and unloading
processors, and also has self-healing capabilities,
self-optimization and self-defense, including technology
logging all system errors and a proactive system
fault analysis.

12.

NetWare (Novell)
In the early and mid-90s, Novell NetWare was dominant
network operating system. Although the share has now decreased
servers managed by NetWare, as well as the number of servers created for it
applications and infrastructure software, this operating system remains popular due to its reliability, scalability and
ability to manage big amount workstations.
The main features of the latest version of this operating system
systems, Novell NetWare 6.5, are able to create
geographically distributed clusters, availability of support tools
mobile and remote users, management tools
remote network resources, as well as synchronization tools
information about users and harmonization with each other
directories in mixed environments. Data Protection in Novell NetWare 6.5
carried out using NDS eDirectory directory services.
Novell NetWare 6.5 includes well-known OpenSource products, and
namely: Apache Web server, MySQL DBMS, Apache application server
Tomcat. Additionally, NetWare 6.5 includes certified
Compliance with J2EE 1.3 specification application server and environment
Novell exteNd developments and the so-called virtual office,
allowing access to business resources via a Web interface
user, including files, email, facilities
calendar planning.
This operating system is usually used as a network and
file server, print server and group work.

13.

Mac OS X (Apple)
Mac OS X operating system, co-created by Apple
with a number of university scientists, based on BSD UNIX. In 1999 version
Mac OS X Server was released as an Open Source product, which
allowed developers to adapt Mac OS X for specific
customers, as well as to involve them in the further development of this
operating system.
Mac OS X is characterized by the presence of a virtual memory manager,
the ability to completely isolate applications from each other, support
multitasking, comparable to similar support in Windows.
Mac OS X has an emulator previous versions Mac OS, tools
graphic editing, built-in support
OpenGL mail client, password management tools for accessing
Web resources.