System unit is the central part of the PC. Inside the system unit case there are electronic circuits mounted on several printed circuit boards. Besides, in system unit located power unit , transforming incoming from the network alternating current voltage 220v D.C. low voltage, fan, hard magnetic disk, drives for magnetic floppy disks, devices for reading/writing CD (DVD) disks.

Motherboard– refers to the structural part of the computer and is the main board of the PC. It houses: a processor, a microprocessor kit, buses, RAM, ROM, connectors for connecting additional devices. The motherboard is designed for the interaction of its devices and the exchange of information between them.

Central processing unit (CPU)– a functional part of a computer that performs basic operations for processing data and controlling the operation of other blocks. The central processing unit (microprocessor) is designed to provide general management COMPUTER.

This is the most complex component of a computer, both from an electronics and functionality. The central processor consists of the following interconnected components: an arithmetic-logical unit, a control unit and registers.

Microprocessor made in the form of VLSI (ultra-large-scale integrated circuit), contains about 10 6 or more elements.

The central processor is the “brain” of the computer, the main chip that performs arithmetic and logical operations and controls other computer devices.

The main characteristics of the processor are:

- bit depth shows how many bits of data it can receive and process in its registers in one clock cycle;

- operating clock frequency is the number of operations per second (Hz). The operating frequency of some processors exceeds 3 billion cycles per second

- internal clock frequency multiplication factor can reach from 10 to 20 and above;

- cache memory size: There is a buffer area inside the processor to increase data processing speed - this is cache memory.

Arithmetic logic unit(ALU) is part of the processor,

performs the main work of processing information stored in RAM. It performs arithmetic and logical operations.

Operations are performed using electronic circuits, each of which consists of several thousand elements.

Control device (CU)– this is the functional part of the central processor. It generates a sequence of control signals, ensuring

for fetching and executing commands.

Storage devices: classification, principle of operation, main characteristics

Storage devices (memory) are used to store programs. The memory of a personal computer PC is divided into internal and external. Internal memory is divided into:

1) operational; 2) constant; 3) buffer.

Table 11 presents the main characteristics and purpose of each type of memory.

Table 11 – Main characteristics of computer memory

ROM is a read-only memory device.

Slow memory is necessary to start the computer when turned on, non-volatile.

RAM – random access memory or random access memory (RAM).

Access time is a defining characteristic random access memory(OP). It is measured in billionths of a second (nanoseconds, ns). ns units – for modern memory modules. Memory consists of a finite number of cells, each of which has its own unique number or address. Access to the cell ossu-

is indicated by indicating its address.

Cache memory - RAM: Located between the processor and RAM. When the microprocessor accesses memory, it first looks for the desired data in the cache memory, thereby reducing the average memory access time.

Part of the RAM is allocated for storing images received on the monitor screen and is called video memory . The larger the video memory, the more complex and high quality images can be obtained on the display.

RAM, cache are volatile, i.e. are cleared when the power is turned off.

ESD – external storage device (non-volatile)

Types of VZU:

Winchester is a hard disk drive. The principle of writing data to a hard drive is to magnetize the surface of the disk;

Floppy disks are storage devices on flexible magnetic disks;

Laser discs: example: Compact disc (CD) is an optical disc from which information is read by a laser beam;

Flash memory – removable data storage devices, characterized by constantly growing memory capacity from one model to another.

Ports

Ports are devices through which peripheral devices are connected to the system unit. In hardware, ports are implemented in the form of connectors on the rear wall of the system unit. Typically the following types of ports are distinguished:

Serial port (COM, PS/2) – transmits data characters one bit at a time. A mouse and modem are connected through COM ports, and a keyboard and mouse are connected through a PS/2 port;

Parallel port (LPT) – transfers a byte of data at the same time. Used for printers and scanners. USB port– universal port to which you can connect up to 127 external devices compatible with the USB standard. This could be a printer, scanner, monitor, keyboard, mouse, etc.

In addition to the named ports, there are others.

Main characteristics computer technology

The main characteristics of computer technology include:

Performance, which is measured by the number of elementary operations performed by the central processor per second (hertz). Depending on the area of ​​application, computers are produced with speeds ranging from several hundred thousand to billions of operations per second;

The amount of RAM is determined by the maximum amount of information that can be placed in the computer's memory;

The accuracy of the calculation depends on the number of digits (bits) used to represent a single number. Modern computers are equipped with 32- or 64-bit microprocessors, which is quite sufficient to ensure high accuracy of calculations in a wide variety of applications

Computer reliability is the ability of a machine to maintain its properties under given operating conditions for a certain period of time.

Questions for self-control

1. Basic principles of computer construction, formulated by John von Neumann.

2. External devices of a personal computer for entering information.

3. External devices of a personal computer for outputting information.

4. Main characteristics of the central processor.

5. Types of VZU.

6. Arithmetic logic unit (ALU), structure and purpose

7. The main components of any computer.

8. Purpose of the central processor.

9.Types of computer memory and purpose.

10.Differences between external and internal memory.

11. Microprocessor characteristics.

12.Main characteristics of computer technology

Computer software

Software is a collection of all programs and the documentation necessary for their operation.

Computer software is designed to process a variety of information in order to solve various problems.

CU on the topic: “Computer structure and software».

Summary of lesson No. 1 on the topic: “Basic computer devices.”

Objectives: - give an idea of ​​the purpose of a computer.

Give an idea of ​​the main computer devices and their characteristics.

Computer hardware is a system of interconnected technical devices that perform input, storage, processing and output of information (hardware).

Main stages of information processing:

Computer performance is a characteristic that shows the speed at which a computer performs information processing operations.

Main devices: monitor, keyboard, system unit.

1. Monitor is a device for displaying symbolic and graphic information to the screen. Connects to the video card installed in the computer.

A CRT (cathode ray tube) monitor looks like a kinescope on a TV. A liquid crystal display (LCD), or flat panel monitor, is made of a liquid substance.

Monitors may have different screen sizes. Screen diagonal size is measured in inches (1 inch = 2.54 cm) and is usually 15.17 inches.

Any image on the screen is represented by a set of dots called pixels. The number of dots horizontally and vertically on the screen is called the resolution of the monitor. The clarity of the image on the monitor is determined by the distance between the dots on the screen, or the step size. The values ​​range from 0.22 to 0.43 mm.

1. Keyboard is a device for entering text and numeric information. The location where information is entered on the screen is indicated by a special icon called a cursor. The cursor can look different in the form of a blinking dash, a rectangle, etc. The standard keyboard has 104 keys and 3 indicator lights in the upper right corner that indicate the operating mode of the keyboard.

Groups of keys: 1. alphabetical – numeric.

2.control keys – for entering and executing commands (shift, ctrl, alt).

3. function keys– from F1 to F12.

4. cursor control – to move the cursor on the monitor screen.

5. small numeric keypad (Num Lock indicator light – on, numeric input works, off – cursor control works.)

Table of assignment of main control keys

Key	Purpose
Enter	Entering a typed command or text
	Cancel current action
	Setting the cursor to a specific position
Caps lock	Fixing the water mode in capital letters
Shift, ctrl, alt	Works with letter or control key
Backspace	Deleting a character to the left of the cursor
	Delete the current character
	Character insertion or replacement mode
Num lock	Switching the small keyboard operating mode
Print screen	Print screen
Home\end,page up\page down	Forward\backward, up\down

1. The system unit includes: system or motherboard, processor, memory, backbone.

CPU – a device that provides information conversion and control of other computer devices.

A modern processor is a microcircuit or chip made on a silicon wafer - a crystal. That's why it is called a microprocessor. IN modern computers it is equal to 2 cm^2. The processor performs arithmetic and logical operations. Arithmetic operations are mathematical operations (addition, subtraction, multiplication, division). Logical operations are relationships between objects.

Processor characteristics: 1. Performance - the number of elementary operations performed by it in one second.

2. Clock frequency– the number of processor cycles per second. A tick is a short period of time during which a basic operation (for example, adding two numbers) can be performed. The higher the clock speed, the more operations per second the processor performs. The clock frequency is measured in MHz. 1 MHz = million clock cycles per second.

3. The processor capacity is determined by the number of binary bits that can be transmitted or processed by the processor simultaneously. This piece of information is often called a machine word. The processor can have simultaneous access to 8, 16, 32, 64 bits. As the bit depth increases, the amount of information processed by the processor per clock cycle increases. The higher the bit depth, the more big amount memory can be used by the processor. Often the processor bit size is specified as 64\36, which means that the processor has a 64-bit data bus and a 36-bit address bus.

Memory is a collection of devices for storing information.

Characteristics and operations of memory: 1. Addressing - memory consists of cells, each of which stores a certain piece of information. To take information from a cell or place it there, you need to specify the cell address.

2. Memory operations: reading and writing.

Reading (reading) information from memory is the process of obtaining information from memory cells located at a given address.

Recording (saving) information in memory is the process of placing information at a given address for storage.

Memory access time, or performance, is the time required to read from memory or write a minimum piece of information to it.

The volume (capacity) of memory is the maximum amount of information stored in it.

Classification of types of computer memory by purpose:

Internal memory and its characteristic features: speed and limited capacity.

Read-only memory (ROM) is a device for long-term storage of programs and data necessary for computer operation (ROM is read-only memory).

RAM is a device for storing programs and data that are processed by the processor in the current work session ( RAM memory with random access).

Cache - memory (cache, storage) - serves to increase computer performance, coordinate the operation of devices of different speeds. It is an intermediate storage device or buffer.

External memory is long-term storage of information.

A medium is a material object capable of storing information.

Device external memory(drive) – a physical device that allows you to read and write information onto the appropriate medium.

Recording density is the amount of information recorded per unit track length.

Comparative characteristics of memory devices

Type of memory	Volume
RAM	32, 64, 128 MB
Cache - memory	From 8 to 512 KB, 1 MB
Persistent memory	128 – 256 KB
GMD - floppy disk	1.44 MB
LMD - hard drive	2 – 74 GB
CD - compact disc	250 – 1500 MB

Test questions: 1. What characteristics are common to all types of memory.

2. What types of memory exist and what is their difference.

3. What is the essence of reading and writing information into memory.

4. What are the features of RAM.

5. What are the features of permanent memory.

6. What characterizes the internal memory of a computer.

7. What is the purpose of a microprocessor.

8. What characteristics of a microprocessor do you know.

9. What is the processor clock speed.

10. What is the processor bit capacity?

11. What is included in the basic computer complex.

12. What is meant by computer hardware.

13. What is the purpose of the monitor and keyboard.

14. It has been established that 1 byte of memory is required to record a symbol. In a squared notebook consisting of 18 sheets, we write one character in each cell. How many notebooks can be written on one floppy disk with a memory capacity of 1.44 MB.

15. Determine the amount of memory required to store 2 million characters. How many 1.44 MB disks will be needed to record this information?

Summary of lesson No. 2 on the topic: “Additional computer devices.”

Goals: -

Information input devices.

Device driver - program, work manager specific device input/output of information.

Input devices according to the method of entering information can be divided into:

1. Direct input devices - data is read directly computer devices(manipulators, touch, scanning, speech recognition).

1. Devices with keyboard input - manual input from the keyboard.

A mouse is a device with buttons and a ball located on the inside.

Mice differ from each other: - in the way they read information (mechanical, optical-mechanical and optical).

Number of buttons (2-3),

Method of connection to a computer (wired and wireless).

Scanner – reading information from paper into a computer.

Scanner characteristics: - color recognition depth,

Optical resolution or scanning accuracy,

Software,

Design (handheld, page, tablet),

Scanning time and document size.

Information output devices.

A printer is a device for outputting information onto paper.

According to the method of generating output information, printers are divided into:

Sequential, when the document is formed character by character,

Lowercase, when the entire line is formed at once,

Page-based, when an image of an entire page is formed.

By the number of colors used in printing: black and white and color.

By printing method: percussive and unaccented.

According to the method of obtaining images on paper: matrix, inkjet, laser, thermal, lettered.

Printer characteristics: - carriage width, which determines the document format,

Print speed, defines the number of characters or pages per second or minute,

Printer resolution.

Dot matrix printing refers to impact printing devices; the image is formed using needles striking the paper through an ink ribbon placed in a cartridge. As a result, an imprint of the symbol remains on the paper. The movement of the needles is controlled using an electromagnet. Matrix printers come in 9-, 18-, 24-pin types.

Inkjet is a non-impact printing device. Thin streams of ink are ejected from the openings (nozzles) of the cartridge. The droplets are deflected by electromagnets. Number of nozzles from 12 to 64.

Laser uses a laser beam to form images. Using lenses, a thin laser beam forms an electronic image on a light-sensitive drum. To charged areas electronic image particles of powder - dye (toner) are attracted, which is then transferred to the paper.

Test questions: 1. How can you classify input and output devices?

2. Characteristics of mice.

3. Basic groups of keyboard keys.

4. What are the main characteristics of scanners.

5. What is the operating principle of a dot matrix printer?

6. Give comparative assessment laser and inkjet printer.

Summary of lesson No. 3 on the topic: “The backbone is a modular principle of building a computer. Structural scheme computer."

The following devices are located inside the system unit:

Microprocessor,

Inner memory,

Disk drives,

System bus,

Electronic circuits,

Power supply, ventilation, indication and protection system.

All listed devices are placed in a housing. Case types: horizontal or desktop, vertical.

Motherboard it houses the processor and memory. Connects various devices into a single whole.

The computer is based on the principle program control. All data and commands are stored in encrypted form in RAM.

The principle of open architecture is the rules for building a computer, according to which each new node (block) must be compatible with the old one and be easily installed in the same place in the computer.

Trunk (system bus) is a system of wires that connects all computer devices and through which information is transmitted. The bus includes three buses: a data bus, an address bus and a control bus. The processor and RAM are connected to the backbone.

Data bus (8, 16, 32, 64 bits). Data is transferred between various devices. The bit capacity is determined by the bit capacity of the processor, i.e. the number of binary bits that are processed simultaneously.

Address bus (16, 20, 24, 32, 36 bits). Each device or memory cell has its own address. The address is transmitted over the address bus.

Control bus. Signals are transmitted that determine the nature of information exchange along the highway. The signals indicate which operation - reading or writing - needs to be performed.

The computer communicates with various input and output devices through ports. Ports can be serial (mouse - no more than four, their names are COM1 ....COM4) and parallel (printer, scanner - there are three ports and their names are LPT1, LPT2, LPT3).

COMPUTER DEVICE DIAGRAM

Collection coding storage transmission

information and input and processing and decoding

Tests: 1. What is the principle of program control.

2. What is the motherboard for?

3. What is a port.

4. What is the principle of open architecture.

Summary of lesson No. 4 on the topic: “Classification of software.”

1. Introduction.

To work with a computer, it is important to have not only good Hardware(hardware), but also software.

Computer software (software) is the collection of all programs used on a computer.

A program is an indication of the sequence of actions (commands) that a computer must perform in order to solve a given information processing task.

Data is information entered into a computer and processed by the computer.

Example: calculate the volume of a rectangular parallelepiped.

Initial data: Program:

Three numbers a, b, c – 1. Calculate the area of ​​the base

Lengths of parallelepiped edges. S=a*b;

2. Calculate volume:

V=S*c.

Here the data are five numbers: a,b,c,s,v. they are divided into initial, intermediate and final (results).

The program consists of two commands that a person must execute in order to solve the problem.

The computer is the formal executor of the program, i.e. he doesn't understand what he's doing. Any computer work is performed using programs.

1. Classification of programs.

All software is usually divided into three classes:

Systemic, applied, instrumental.

System software

A necessary accessory for a computer, as it ensures interaction between a person, all computer devices and programs.

The most important system program is the operating system (OS), which is stored on the hard drive.

The OS provides:

1. Execution of application programs,
2. Managing computer resources - memory, processor, external devices,
3. Human-computer contact.

The most well-known operating systems include: Windows 98, NT, Unix, MS-Dos.

In addition to the OS, system programs include shells (Norton Commander), disk cleanup, disk check.

Application software

PP are special-purpose programs necessary for the user to solve his problems. They are also called an application.

PPOs include:

1. Word processors – for creating text documents,
2. Table processors (spreadsheets) – for calculations and information analysis,
3. Databases – for organizing and managing data,
4. Graphic packages – for presenting information in the form of pictures and graphs,
5. Communication programs – for exchanging information between computers,
6. Training programs ( electronic textbooks, dictionaries, encyclopedias),
7. Games.

Instrumental programs

IP – intended for creating new programs. These are programming languages.

1. How software relates to hardware.

As can be seen in the figure, the system environment directly ensures the operation of devices. The application environment is more “friendly” to the user, which has less influence on the operation of the hardware, and is mainly focused on converting information and producing results.

Computer resources are the capabilities of hardware and software, which can be used to solve a specific problem over a certain period of time.

Computer resources are determined:

1. Processor characteristics,
2. Capacity of internal and external memory,
3. Characteristics of information input and output devices.

Test questions: 1. What is a program called?

2. Tell us about the classification of software?

3. Give an example of system programs and their purpose?

4. Examples of application programs and their purpose?

5. How should we understand the term “computer resources”?

Lesson summary No. 5 on the topic: “Operating system: purpose and composition. OS loading. Files".

1. Purpose of the Windows system environment.

The main system program is the operating system. When turning on the computer, the user first of all finds himself in an environment created operating system. One of the representatives of this class is Windows, which provides management of computer resources, execution of application programs and user interaction with the computer. Windows provides a unified, objective approach to data and programs. Everything the user deals with system environment, are objects, each object is characterized by parameters and actions.

Among the OS objects, the following should be highlighted: file, folder, graphical interface objects. GUI allows interaction between a person and a computer in the form of a dialogue using windows, menus, and controls.

1. File representation.

Imagine a locker at a train station. Bags and suitcases can be left in the cells located on the racks. Each cell has a specific place in the rack and a number. The employee must write down the passenger's last name, the number of the cells occupied by him and the time of depositing things - this is enough to later find all the things.

In a computer, the material media for long-term storage of information are disks and tapes. laser discs. Data, like things in storage rooms, can be distributed across free areas of the media. The role of the “storekeeper” is taken on by the operating system.

A file is a collection of data stored on external media. The file must be given a name by which this data can be found.

The file name consists of two parts: - the actual name given by the user,

And the extension, which depends on the program in which this file was created and the data stored in it, consists of three or less letters.

TYPE (extension)	Meaning
	Text information
	Graphic information
	Video image
	Audio information
	Copy
Exe.com	An executable file allows you to enter a specific environment - for example, a game.

In addition to the name and type, the file is characterized by: size, date and time of creation.

Icon – elementary graphic object. By the icon you can find out in what environment the file was created or what type it is.

Actions on files: create, store, close, open, rename, copy, delete.

1. Folder view.

At home we put things in order, we put our things in one drawer, our sisters in another, so as not to mix anything up. Likewise, in a computer, on a disk where many files are stored, there must be order. Folders are created for this purpose. They exist as an icon on the screen. In folders, you can combine files according to any criteria, for example:

1. By topic (folder with games, training programs),
2. By the name of its owner,
3. By time of creation.

In addition to files, the folder may contain other folders.

Folder – Windows object, designed to combine files and other folders into groups.

The folder has a name, without an extension. The actions are the same as with files.

1. Control file system- file sharing between devices.
2. Command processor - requests commands from the user and executes them.
3. Device Drivers – special programs, which provide control over the operation of devices and coordination of information exchange with other devices, and also allow you to configure some device parameters.
4. Graphical interface is a dialogue between the user and the computer.
5. Service programs (utilities) - check the disk, archive files, etc.
6. Reference system.

Summary of lesson No. 8 on the topic: “Computer viruses and anti-virus programs.”

1. Types of computer viruses.

First mass epidemic computer virus occurred in 1986, when the Brain virus infected floppy disks.

A mandatory property of a computer virus is the ability to reproduce (self-copy) and be introduced into files unnoticed by the user. boot sectors disks and documents.

After infecting your computer, the virus can become active and force you to perform certain actions. Virus activation can be associated with various events (the arrival of a certain date, the launch of a program, the opening of a document).

1. Classification of viruses.

1. According to the magnitude of harmful effects: non-hazardous, dangerous, very dangerous.
2. By habitat: file, boot, macro viruses, network.

1. Antivirus programs

1. Polyphages checking files, boot disks, etc. these include Dr. Web, Kaspersky.
2. Auditors calculating checksums for files present on the disk.
3. Blockers intercepting virus-dangerous situations and notifying the user about it.

conclusion

memory

storage

transformation

input

internal

external

RAM

ROM

Cache memory

HDD

NGMD

Laz. D.

Mag. L.

Input Devices

CPU

Output devices

memory

Software

Systemic

Applied

Instrumental

Hardware

System Programming

Instrumental programs

Preview:

Computer device diagram

Name Devices	Main purpose	Basic characteristics	Possible values
RAM
CPU
Scanner
Printer

Keyboard

Printer

Monitor

Drive

controller

controller

controller

controller

RAM

ROM

CPU

Data bus

HIGHWAY Address bus

Control bus

Preview:

Exercise 1

Question:

The scanner is:

1) information storage device

2) information processing device

3) a device for outputting information onto paper

4) device for inputting information from paper

Task #2

Question:

Specify the printer type with the worst print quality:

1) jet

2) matrix

3) laser

Task #3

Question:

Moves the cursor to the beginning of the line with the key:

Choose one of 4 answer options:

1) PgDown

2)End

3) PgUp

4) Home

Task #4

Question:

Specify a device that is not an output device:

Choose one of 4 answer options:

1) microphone

2) monitor

3) printer

4) sound speakers

Task #5

Question:

A mouse is a device:

1) reading information

2) modulation and demodulation

3) long-term storage of information

4) to connect the printer to the computer

5) entering information

Task #6

Question:

The keyboard is

Choose one of 4 answer options:

1) pointing input device

2) symbolic information input device

3) information output device

4) symbolic type information storage device

Task #7

Question:

Mouse click:

Choose one of 3 answer options:

1) moves an object

2) opens the object

3) indicates the object

Task #8

Question:

The key ends the command entry:

Choose one of 4 answer options:

1) Enter

2) Space

3) Shift

4)Backspace

Task #9

Question:

To connect a computer to the telephone network, use:

Choose one of 5 answer options:

1) plotter

2) printer

3) fax

4) scanner

5) modem

Task #10

Question:

The permanent storage device is used for:

Choose one of 5 answer options:

1) storing the user program during operation

2) storing constantly used programs

3) storing programs for initial booting of a computer and testing its nodes

4) records of particularly valuable application programs

5) permanent storage of especially valuable documents

Task #11

Question:

The speed of the processor depends on:

Choose one of 5 answer options:

1) the volume of information processed

2) organizing the operating system interface

3) external storage capacity

4) clock frequency

5) presence or absence of a connected printer

Task #12

Question:

Specify devices that are not input devices:

Select several of 4 answer options:

1) scanner

2) monitor

3) mouse

4) keyboard

Task #13

Question:

A computer is (choose the complete correct definition):

Choose one of 5 answer options:

1) device for processing analog signals

2) a device for working with texts

3) multifunctional electronic device for working with information

4) an electronic computing device for processing numbers

5) a device for storing information of any kind

Task #14

Question:

Video card is:

Choose one of 4 answer options:

1) information input device

2) a microcircuit that displays information on the screen

3) text recognition device

4) information output device

Task #15

Question:

For long-term storage of information is used:

Choose one of 5 answer options:

1) external media

2) processor

3) power supply

4) disk drive

5) RAM

Task #16

Question:

Specify a statement that characterizes a dot matrix printer:

Choose one of 4 answer options:

1) high speed print

2) high quality print

3) presence of a print head

4) silent operation

Task #17

Question:

Purpose of the Shift key:

Choose one of 4 answer options:

1) printing capital characters

2) command entry

3) go to the top of the page

4) deleting a character

Task #18

Question:

The personal computer will not function if you disable:

Choose one of 5 answer options:

1) RAM

2) mouse

3) printer

4) disk drive

5) scanner

Task #19

Question:

Please provide the most complete list of the main elements of a personal computer:

Choose one of 5 answer options:

1) CPU, RAM, input/output devices

2) scanner, mouse, monitor, printer

3) microprocessor, coprocessor, monitor

4) monitor, hard drive, printer

5) ALU, control unit, coprocessor

Task #20

Question:

Addressability of RAM means:

Choose one of 5 answer options:

1) the ability to store programs and data

2) the presence of a number for each RAM cell and the ability to access it

3) discreteness of structural units of memory

4) non-volatile RAM

5) volatility of RAM

Task #21

Question:

During execution, the application program is stored:

Choose one of 5 answer options:

1) in video memory

2) in RAM

3) in the processor

4) in ROM

5) on the hard drive

Task #22

Question:

When turning off the computer information:

Choose one of 5 answer options:

1) erasable on a floppy disk

2) disappears from permanent storage

3) erased on the hard drive

4) erasable on CD

5) disappears from RAM

Task #23

Question:

Microphone is:

Choose one of 4 answer options:

1) audio output device

3) audio information processing device

4) audio information storage device

Task #24

Question:

The backbone-modular principle of the architecture of a modern personal computer implies such a logical organization of the computer’s hardware components in which:

Choose one of 5 answer options:

1) each device communicates with others directly, as well as through one central backbone

2) all devices communicate with each other through a backbone, which includes data, address and control buses

3) devices communicate with each other in a certain fixed sequence (ring)

4) each device communicates with others directly

5) communication of devices with each other is carried out through the central processor, to which they are all connected

Task #25

Question:

Acoustic speakers are:

Choose one of 4 answer options:

1) audio information processing device

2) audio input device

3) audio information storage device

4) audio information output device

Task #26

Question:

The processor includes the following devices:

Choose one of 5 answer options:

1) display processor, video adapter

2) scanner, ROM

3) cache memory, video memory

4) random access memory, printer

5) arithmetic-logical unit, control device, registers

Task #27

Question:

The device is designed to enter information:

Choose one of 5 answer options:

1) monitor

2) processor

3) printer

4) keyboard

5) ROM

Task #28

Question:

The additional keyboard is activated with the button:

Choose one of 4 answer options:

1) Power

2)ScrollLock

3) CapsLock

4) NumLock

Answers:

1) Correct answer (1 point): 4;

2) Correct answer (1 point): 2;

3) Correct answer (1 point): 4;

4) Correct answer (1 point): 1;

5) Correct answer (1 point): 5;

6) Correct answer (1 point): 2;

7) Correct answer (1 point): 3;

8) Correct answer (1 point): 1;

9) Correct answer (1 point): 5;

10) Correct answer (1 point): 3;

11) Correct answer (1 point): 4;

12) Correct answers (1 point): 2;

13) Correct answer (1 point): 3;

14) Correct answer (1 point): 2;

15) Correct answer (1 point): 1;

16) Correct answer (1 point): 3;

17) Correct answer (1 point): 1;

18) Correct answer (1 point): 1;

19) Correct answer (1 point): 1;

20) Correct answer (1 point): 2;

21) Correct answer (1 point): 2;

22) Correct answer (1 point): 5;

23) Correct answer (1 point): 2;

24) Correct answer (1 point): 2;

25) Correct answer (1 point): 4;

26) Correct answer (1 point): 5;

27) Correct answer (1 point): 4;

28) Correct answer (1 point): 4;

Test

So, what does our ordinary personal computer (PC) that we use at home or at work consist of?

Let's look at its hardware (“hardware”):

• system unit (that large box that stands on your table or under the table, on the side of it, etc.). It contains all the main components of the computer.
• peripherals(such as a monitor, keyboard, mouse, modem, scanner, etc.).

The system unit in a computer is the “main” unit. If you carefully unscrew the screws from its back wall, remove the side panel and look inside, then only in appearance its structure will seem complicated. Now I will briefly describe its structure, and then I will describe the main elements in the most understandable language.

The system unit contains the following elements (not necessarily all at once):

- Power unit

— Hard disk drive (HDD)

— Floppy disk drive (FDD)

— CD or DVD drive (CD/DVD ROM)

— Connectors for additional devices (ports) on the rear (sometimes also on the front) panel, etc.

— System board (more often called motherboard), which, in turn, contains:

• microprocessor;
• mathematical coprocessor;
• generator clock pulses;
• memory chips(RAM, ROM, cache memory, CMOS memory)
• controllers (adapters) of devices: keyboards, disks, etc.
• sound, video and network cards ;
• timer, etc.

All of them are connected to the motherboard using connectors (slots). Its elements, highlighted in bold, we will look at below.

And now, in order, about the system unit:

1 . Everything is clear with the power supply: it powers the computer. Let me just say that the higher its power rating, the cooler it is.

2. A hard disk drive (HDD - hard disk drive) is popularly called a hard drive.

This nickname arose from the slang name of the first model hard drive with a capacity of 16 KB (IBM, 1973), which had 30 tracks of 30 sectors, which coincidentally coincided with the “30/30” caliber of the famous Winchester hunting rifle. The capacity of this drive is usually measured in gigabytes: from 20 GB (on old computers) to several Terrabytes (1 TB = 1024 GB). The most common hard drive capacity is 250-500 GB. The speed of operations depends on the rotation speed (5400-10000 rpm). Depending on the type of connection between the hard drive and motherboard distinguish between ATA and IDE.

3. A floppy disk drive (FDD - floppy disk drive) is nothing more than floppy disk drive. Their standard capacity is 1.44 MB with a diameter of 3.5" (89 mm). As a storage medium, they magnetic disks are used magnetic materials with special properties that make it possible to record two magnetic states, each of which is assigned binary digits: 0 and 1.

4 . Drives on optical disks(CD-ROM) come in different diameters (3.5" and 5.25") and capacities. The most common of them are with a capacity of 700 MB. It happens that CD discs can be used for recording only once (then they are called R), and it is more profitable to use repeatedly rewritable RW discs.

DVD originally stood for Digital Video Disk. Despite the name, DVDs can record anything from music to data. Therefore in Lately Another interpretation of this name is increasingly common - Digital Versatile Disk, loosely translated meaning “digital universal disk”. The main difference between DVDs and CDs is the amount of information that can be recorded on such media. From 4.7 to 13, and even up to 17 Gb can be recorded on a DVD disc. This is achieved in several ways. First, reading DVDs uses a laser with a shorter wavelength than reading CDs, which has significantly increased recording density. Secondly, the standard provides for so-called double-layer discs, in which on one side the data is recorded in two layers, while one layer is translucent, and the second layer is read “through” the first. This made it possible to write data to both sides of DVDs, thereby doubling their capacity, which is sometimes done.

5 . TO personal computer others can join additional devices (mouse, printer, scanner and other). The connection is made through ports - special connectors on the rear panel.

There are parallel (LPT), serial (COM) and universal serial (USB) ports. A serial port transmits information bit by bit (slower) over a small number of wires. A mouse and modem are connected to the serial port. Through a parallel port, information is transmitted simultaneously over a large number of wires corresponding to the number of bits. A printer and an external hard drive are connected to the parallel port. The USB port is used to connect a wide range of peripheral devices- from mouse to printer. Data exchange between computers is also possible.

6. The main computer devices (processor, RAM, etc.) are located on motherboard.

Microprocessor (simpler - processor) is the central unit of a PC, designed to control the operation of all units of the machine and to perform arithmetic and logical operations over information.

Its main characteristics are the bit depth (the higher it is, the higher the computer’s performance) and clock frequency (largely determines the speed of the computer). The clock speed indicates how many elementary operations (cycles) the processor performs in one second.
Intel Pentium processors and its economical version Celeron are respected in the market, and their competitors are also appreciated - AMD Athlon with economy version Duron. Intel processors characterized by high operational reliability, low heat generation and compatibility with all software and hardware. And AMD shows greater speed with graphics and games, but is less reliable.

Computer memory can be internal or external. External memory devices include the already discussed HDD, FDD, CD-ROM, DVD-ROM. TO internal memory includes permanent storage (ROM, ROM), operational storage (RAM, RAM), cache.

ROM is designed to store permanent program and reference information(BIOS - Basic Input-Output System - basic input-output system).

RAM is fast and is used by the processor for short-term storage of information while the computer is running.

When the power source is turned off, the information in RAM is not saved. For the normal functioning of a computer these days, it is advisable to have from 1 GB to 3 GB of RAM.

Cache memory is an ultra-high-speed intermediate memory.

CMOS memory - CMOS RAM (Complementary Metall-Oxide Semiconductor RAM). It stores computer configuration settings that are checked every time the system is turned on. To change computer configuration settings, the BIOS contains a computer configuration program - SETUP.

Sound, video and network cards can be either built into the motherboard or external. External boards can always be replaced, whereas if the built-in video card fails, you will have to replace the entire motherboard. For video cards, I trust ATI Radeon and Nvidia. The higher the video card memory, the better.

Peripherals

The computer consists of 6 groups of keys:

• Alphanumeric;
• Controls (Enter, Backspace, Ctrl, Alt, Shift, Tab, Esc, Caps Lock, Num Lock, Scroll Lock, Pause, Print Screen);
• Functional (F1-F12);
• Numeric keypad;
• Cursor controls (->,<-, Page Up, Page Down, Home, End, Delete, Insert);
• Function indicator lights (Caps Lock, Num Lock, Scroll Lock).

Mouse (mechanical, optical). Most programs use two of the three mouse keys. The left key is the main one, it controls the computer. It plays the role of the Enter key. The functions of the right key vary depending on the program. In the middle there is a scroll wheel, which you quickly get used to.

Modem - network adapter. It can be both external and internal.

The scanner automatically reads from paper media and enters any printed texts and images into the PC.

The microphone is used to input sound into the computer.

(display) is designed to display information on the screen. Most often, modern PCs use SVGA monitors with a resolution (the number of dots located horizontally and vertically on the monitor screen) of 800*600, 1024*768, 1280*1024, 1600*1200 when transmitting up to 16.8 million colors.

The monitor screen size ranges from 15 to 22 inches diagonally, but most often it is 17 inches (35.5 cm). Dot (grain) size - from 0.32 mm to 0.21 mm. The smaller it is, the better.

PCs that are equipped with television monitors (CRT) are no longer so popular. Of these, preference should be given to monitors with low radiation levels (Low Radiation). Liquid crystal displays (LCDs) are safer, and most computers have one.

Designed for printing text and graphic images. Printers are dot matrix, inkjet and laser. In dot matrix printers, the image is formed from dots by impact. Inkjet printers have thin tubes in the print head instead of needles - nozzles, through which tiny droplets of ink are thrown onto the paper. Inkjet printers also produce color printing by mixing base colors. The advantage is high print quality, the disadvantage is the danger of ink drying out and the high cost of consumables.

Laser printers use the electrographic method of image formation. The laser is used to create an ultra-thin beam of light that traces the contours of an invisible dotted electronic image on the surface of a pre-charged light-sensitive drum. After developing the electronic image with dye (toner) powder adhering to the discharged areas, printing is performed - transferring the toner from the drum to paper and fixing the image on the paper by heating the toner until it melts. Laser printers provide the highest quality printing with high speed. Color laser printers are widely used.

Speakers output sound. The sound quality depends - again - on the power of the speakers and the material from which the cabinets are made (preferably wood) and its volume. An important role is played by the presence of a bass reflex (hole on the front panel) and the number of reproduced frequency bands (high, mid and low speakers on each speaker).

USB flash drives, in my opinion, have become the most universal means of transferring information. This miniature device is smaller in size and weight than a lighter. It has high mechanical strength and is not afraid of electromagnetic radiation, heat and cold, dust and dirt.

The most sensitive part of the drive is the connector, covered with a cap. The capacity of these devices ranges from 256 MB to 32 GB, which allows you to select a drive of the required capacity, in accordance with your needs. Thanks to the interface, the USB drive can be connected to any modern computer. It works with Windows 98SE/Me/2000/XP/Vista/7, Mac OS 8.6 ~ 10.1, Linux 2.4 operating systems. In Windows you don’t even need to install any drivers: just plug it into a USB port and go.

Needed to input dynamic images into a computer and sound (for communication and the ability to create teleconferences).

Uninterruptable power source needed in case of a power outage.

Puff, well, in my opinion, that’s all the main thing I wanted to tell you about the computer hardware, the so-called hardware.

The article “Computer Design” was written quite a long time ago. Therefore, if you find an error or find some inaccuracy, please write about it using the comment form. We will be very grateful to you!

The modern world is so mobile that it is absolutely impossible to do without a computer. Electronic computers have appeared in various fields of human activity, so for full-fledged work you need to choose this device wisely.

Personal computer device

To understand what a computer consists of, you need to look at the standard set of devices. However, it is worth distinguishing between several types of electronic computers:

So, the main components of a personal computer architecture are the processor, internal memory, video system, and input/output devices. It must be recalled that this characteristic applies to stationary machines. More specifically, the following components can be distinguished:

• monitor (display, screen);
• system unit;
• keyboard;
• manipulators:
  • mouse,
  • joystick,
  • trackball;
• I/O devices:
  • scanner;
  • Webcam;
  • tablet;
  • microphone;
  • Printer;
  • acoustic system.

Of course, the monitor, keyboard and manipulators are included in the category of input-output devices, but they are distinguished as the main parts of the computer, because not a single stationary computer can do without them.

System unit

To understand what the computer system unit consists of, you need to clarify that it contains all the electronic components of the computer:

• motherboard;
• disk drives;
• hard drives;
• adapters and controllers;
• power unit.

There are also the following types of disk drives and hard drives:

• floppy disk drives;
• hard drives (non-removable hard drives);
• removable hard disk drives;
• optical drives;
• flash drives.

What does it take to “create” your own computer?

If you want to “create” your own computer, you need to know how to assemble a system unit first. First, you need to determine what type of device the “created” machine will be: a budget option, a productive one, or an advanced one. The first category includes a computer that will perform all the tasks of a novice user: watching videos, playing games, working on the Internet and office programs. The second point includes models that are capable of performing the same tasks, but with greater productivity. Naturally, such a PC can be improved for the time being, since the main components will become obsolete and will be replaced with new ones. The third category includes machines that are particularly powerful. The disadvantage of such computers is their high cost.

Motherboard

The motherboard is the main component of the computer, since the other components of the computer are connected to it. When choosing a motherboard, you need to pay maximum attention, since the performance of the system and the possibility of improving it depend on it. The motherboard can be considered as a “collection” of devices, such as:

• CPU;
• memory;
• mathematical processor;
• expansion slots;
• Chipset.

Usually on this computer component you can find built-in elements, for example, a network, sound and video card. This situation should not cause any concern, because at any moment you can replace the integrated device with an external one. After all, when assembling a computer, you need to take into account what the computer consists of, since each type of computer requires different parts. In some cases, the use of integrated elements is not acceptable. The manufacturer cannot predict what one user needs in terms of performance and what another needs. Therefore, motherboards are equipped with special expansion slots, thanks to which it becomes possible to improve the computer.

CPU

The processor is the main device of the computer, which controls the operation of all components of the machine and processes all incoming information. The main characteristics and components of the CPU are:

The processor bit capacity refers to the amount of information that the CPU can process in one clock cycle. Today, most computers are equipped with processors that process 64 bits, although there are also 32-bit ones. Cache memory is a kind of buffer for temporary storage of data that the processor may need at any time. The CPU accesses such information much faster than information from internal memory. The system bus connects the processor and RAM. Modern CPUs operate at a frequency that exceeds the performance of this board. The difference between the processor and system bus frequencies is called the multiplier. The larger the multiplier, the greater the ability to overclock the CPU.

RAM

The main purpose of RAM is the ability to temporarily store information and support running software. Another name for this device is RAM (Random Access Memory). So, RAM is also included in the list of what a computer consists of, and these components must be present. Information in RAM is erased when the power is turned off or rebooted. RAM refers to dynamic RAM, also known as DRAM. Today, DDR2 memory is the most popular, but soon its niche will be occupied by DDR3, which is characterized by particularly high bandwidth and low power consumption. However, its disadvantage is the fabulous price. Experienced users recommend purchasing a motherboard that supports DDR3 so that in the future it will be possible to install this type of memory in the slot, although DDR2 is not much different in performance from its descendant. It is also worth paying attention to the number of slots for RAM: there should be at least 4 of them. This arrangement of things will make it more expedient to increase the internal memory. Today, normal computer operation already requires 2 GB, and in the near future you may need all 4 GB.

HDD

A hard drive, known as HDD, hard drive and screw, is an indispensable computer device that is necessary for permanent storage of numerous information. When the power is turned off, the information will not disappear anywhere. A hard drive is both an electronic and mechanical device that is subject to wear and tear on some parts.

To connect a HDD you may need one of three interfaces:

All three varieties are still in use today, although the first two types were developed back in 1986. If you purchased a new hard drive and are already connected to your computer, it needs to be divided into several logical partitions. There are several programs that will help you cope with this task. The list of their main functions includes:

• creating a new disk;
• deleting a section;
• change in dimension;
• formatting, etc.

Video card

A special device on a personal computer that displays images on a monitor is called a video card. We can say that it is the most important component. Other names for a video card: video card, video adapter, graphics adapter.

The main details of the device are:

• video memory;
• video processor;
• digital-to-analog converter;
• Video card BIOS.

Graphic adapters are divided into two types:

The first type is built into the motherboard. If broken, it cannot be replaced with another integrated part. However, you can use an external video card, which is also inserted into a specially designated slot on the motherboard.

The main characteristics of the graphics adapter include:

• video memory volume;
• RAMDAC frequency;
• video memory type;
• memory bus width;
• video processor clock speed;
• connectors.

Monitor

To display graphic and text information, a monitor known as a display or screen is required. There are two types of this device: liquid crystal; on cathode ray tubes. The first type of monitor has recently become increasingly popular because it is compact, less dangerous to eyesight, and produces greater image clarity.

The main characteristics of any display are:

• diagonal;
• permission;
• screen grain size;
• regeneration frequency;
• image formation;
• color accuracy;
• viewing angle;
• energy consumption and radiation;
• interface;
• scope of application.

In addition to the main types of monitors, there are others that are used much less frequently in everyday life:

• plasma screens;
• organic LED;
• vacuum fluorescent;
• electrostatic emission displays;
• electroluminescent.

Keyboard

A keyboard is required to enter text information and control the computer. In a stationary computer, it acts as a separate unit, equipped with a main and additional module. The keyboard is included in the list of devices that determine what the computer consists of. It is possible to work without a keyboard, but it is extremely inconvenient. In laptops, this device is built into the case. A modern device has 105 keys. If there are more buttons, it means they are designed to control multimedia content.

The keyboard is connected to the computer using one of three methods:

Some devices are equipped with a built-in touchpad, similar to the pointing pad used in a laptop. In addition, you can take a closer look at the keyboard, the shape of which differs from the classic one. The ergonomic device is divided into two parts, where the hands are located at a certain angle to each other.

Mouse

For convenient cursor control, a mouse is usually used. This device is classified according to the following criteria: by the number of buttons; by connection method; according to the method of action. Based on the first attribute, mice are divided into two- and three-button. According to the second - for devices connected via cable or wirelessly. According to the third, they are optical and mechanical. Optical specimens equipped with a micro-camera at the bottom have recently gained particular popularity. It is necessary to fix the position of the mouse so that the signal can be processed by the CPU in the future. Optical models are characterized by high accuracy, no need for periodic cleaning and the presence of a mat.

Printer

If you need to print information on paper, then you cannot do without printers. These are external devices connected to the computer via a cable. As a rule, they are connected via a USB port. There are monochrome (black and white) and color devices. In addition, printers are matrix, inkjet, and laser. The first type is used extremely rarely today due to its numerous and significant disadvantages - high cost, low print quality, high noise, low print speed. Inkjet printers apply ink through nozzles (special holes), and an electric current causes the ink to adhere to the paper. The disadvantages of this type include low operating speed, as well as the fact that when the ink dries in the matrix, the entire part must be replaced. Laser printers print using toner that is fixed by heat treatment. This device has only one drawback: its relative high cost.

Scanner

The device needed to digitize information through image analysis is called a scanner. An ergonomic model for work is a tablet copy. It is assumed that an object will be placed on the glass of the tablet. It should be positioned with the side being scanned down. The object is protected by a special cover. Under the glass of the tablet there is a mechanism developed from a set of mirrors and rulers. During operation, the platform moves and transmits a full image to the screen. The scanner is capable of digitizing photographs, text, film, barcodes, etc.

This device has the following characteristics:

• hardware resolution;
• optical resolution;
• color depth;
• type of optical system;
• way to connect to a computer.

How to choose a computer

When choosing a computer, you need to determine what tasks it should perform. There are three options for the purposes for which a computer is selected:

• viewing mail, film; listening to music; chatting in Internet;
• games; viewing mail, film; listening to music; chatting in Internet;
• work in powerful programs; viewing high definition video.

In each of the three situations, the computer will be selected in a special way. So, for the first case, it is necessary to choose computers that are not particularly powerful, with average characteristics. In the second situation, you need to consider the type of game. This is what determines how powerful the car should be. In the third case, you will need a powerful processor, a large amount of RAM, and a powerful video card. When choosing any computer, you need to remember that the machine must be balanced. This means that all components should be approximately equal in performance. Otherwise, the computer will function incorrectly and irrationally.

Conclusion

Today, almost every home has a computer. Its role is difficult to overestimate, because the number of areas in which computers are used is constantly growing. Therefore, there is a need to study its main components in order to understand the working principle of mankind’s technological achievement.