Bits Bytes Information structure of internal memory - bit-byte

Properties of internal memory 1. Discreteness (lat. discretus) - intermittent, consisting of separate parts) A memory cell that stores one binary character is called a BIT. BIT 0 or 1 Binary encoding 2. Addressability Memory byte is the smallest addressable part of internal memory The processor accesses internal memory by addresses Structure of internal memory BytesBits The serial number of a byte is called its ADDRESS

File – named space on a disk for storing information Information on external media has a file organization Information structure external memory information structure external memory – file Views information: text, numeric, graphic, sound

Magnetic tape drives NMD (streamers) Cassette drives Magnetic disk drives NMD (disk drives) Compact disk drives Optical (laser) drives Floppy disk drives (floppy disks) Hard disk drives (hard drives) CD-R, CD-RW DVD drives -ROM

A device for writing and reading information from floppy magnetic disks is a disk drive (FDD - Floppy Disk Drive). The information capacity of the floppy disk is small and is only 1.44 MB. The speed of writing and reading information is also low (about 50 KB/s) due to the slow rotation of the disk (360 rpm). Floppy magnetic disks (floppy disk, floppy disk)

In order for information to be stored on a disk, the disk must be formatted, i.e. a physical and logical structure disk. During the formatting process, concentric tracks are formed on the disk, which, in turn, are divided into sectors; for this, the magnetic head of the drive places track and sector marks in certain places on the disk.

After formatting a 3.5" floppy disk, its parameters will be as follows:

The first hard drive was developed by IBM in 1973 and had a capacity of 16 KB. Hard magnetic disks are several disks placed on one axis, enclosed in a metal case and rotating at high angular speed. Due to the many tracks on each side and the large number of disks, the information capacity hard drives can be tens of thousands of times greater than the information capacity of floppy disks and reach hundreds of GB. The speed of writing and reading information from hard drives is quite high (about 133 MB/s) due to the fast rotation of the disks (7200 rpm).

Magnetic tapes A device for writing and reading information from flexible magnetic tapes is called a streamer. Magnetic tapes are: Cassette, Reel, designed for creating data archives, Reserve copy; is a flexible plastic tape coated with a thin magnetic layer; information is recorded via magnetic recording; The capacity of magnetic tape can reach several gigabytes.

Used to store a large amount of information in a small area; the disc is made of polycarbonate, which is coated on one side with a reflective layer; information is recorded through optical recording; capacity optical disk- from 640 MB and above Laser (optical) discs

MAGNETO-OPTICAL DISK is used in the construction of optical libraries; is a polycarbonate substrate 1.2 mm thick, on which several thin-film layers are applied; information is recorded both through magnetic and optical recording; Magneto-optical optical disk capacity up to 9.1 GB.

Flash disks (cards) Flash memory is a non-volatile type of memory that allows you to record and store data in microcircuits. Devices based on flash memory do not have moving parts, which ensures high data security when used in mobile devices. Flash memory is a chip housed in a miniature package. To write or read information, drives are connected to a computer via a USB port. The information capacity of memory cards from 256 MB is 4 GB. Reading devices – Card reader.

The first samples of flash memory were developed by Toshiba back in 1984, but its mass use began only a few years ago with the advent of digital cameras. Flash memory is increasingly used for storing and transferring data. Today, manufacturers produce several types of cards and USB drives that first appeared in 2001.

summary of other presentations

“Transmission of information, grade 10” - Transmission of information. Information exchange channel. Recipient of information. Tire; star; ring; snowflake (tire-star) dot-dot; 8th grade 2010 Kinds computer networks. Star topology - all information passes through the server. Historical reference. Local CS Regional CS Global CS. “BUS” topology – all computers are connected to one common line – the bus.

"Movie in Windows Movie Maker" - Timeline. Security questions: In our case, we will use ready-made melodies located on the server. 8th grade. Types of multimedia devices. Windows Movie Maker. Select the folder Network Neighborhood - SharedDocs on school85015361 - pictures (general). On the taskbar, select Import Images.

"Slides" - Animation. Genres. B) Creating a presentation – From a design template – Apply template... Insert sound. Layouts and text insertion. What does it mean to love your homeland? Genre: informational or creative? Input Select Output Move When is animation not detrimental to perception? Setting up the presentation. What is a hyperlink? How to create a hyperlink? 4. From the file Pictures Animated Photos Autoshapes.

“Internal computer memory” - Memory capacity is measured in. The internal memory of a computer is designed for rapid data processing. Inner memory. Work by student 8 "B" class Bakhshiyan Diana. Designated RAM - Random Access Memory - random access memory; From English cache - hiding place, warehouse. Discreteness. Cache memory. Stores computer configuration settings. The following types of internal memory are distinguished: The sequence number of the byte is called the byte address.

"Software 8th grade" - Software(software) – all the variety of programs used on a modern computer. Distribution. System disk. RAM. Installation and download operating system. Computer software. 8th grade.

“Informatics 8th grade Information” - You should be extremely careful while working. Information as a measure of increasing complexity of living organisms. 5. 1.1.3. Man and information. 09.15.2006. 1. 2. 9. Information signals. Genetic information. The expedient behavior of living organisms is based on the receipt of information signals. 1.1. Information in nature, society and technology. 1.1.1. Information in inanimate nature.

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Setting lesson goals: Computer memory is a physical device that can be picked up (unlike human memory). What do human memory and computer memory have in common? What a computer “remembers” throughout its life, and what it “forgets” every day. How does a computer “know” that it has a new device or has replaced an outdated one?

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RAM. Random access memory (RAM – Random Access Memory) is an array of crystalline cells capable of storing data. Cell (bit)

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Memory characteristics Volume (capacity) RAM: up to 4 GB (theoretically - more) hard drives: up to 1 TB Performance (access time) time required to read and write a minimum portion of data (RAM:< 10 нс, винчестеры: около 4 мс) Разрядность число бит, которые читаются или записываются за 1 операцию (8, 16, 32, 64, …) Доступ произвольный – в любой момент могут быть переданы любые данные (ОЗУ, винчестер, flash-память) последовательный – данные могут передаваться только в a certain sequence(magnetic tape)

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RAM. A bit is the smallest particle of computer memory, and therefore the memory has a bit structure, which determines the first property of RAM - discreteness. The bits were combined into groups of 8 - bytes. One byte of memory can store 1 byte of information. Byte 0 1 … 0 1 2 … Each byte receives a sequence number - an address. Addressability is the second property of RAM. Numbering starts from zero.

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RAM. Any memory cell can be accessed at any time. Therefore, RAM is called random access memory. A group of several bytes that the processor can process as a single unit is called a machine word. The length of a machine word can be different - 8, 16, 32 bits, etc. The address of a machine word is equal to the address of the low byte included in this word.

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RAM. From a physical point of view, there is a distinction between dynamic (DRAM) and static memory (SRAM)

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RAM. The third property of RAM is volatility. RAM in a computer is placed on standard panels called modules. The modules are inserted into the corresponding connectors on motherboard. The more RAM, the faster the computer will run.

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Permanent memory. Can the processor take its first instructions from RAM? Why? Can the processor take its first instructions from external memory? Why? How big should the memory be so that the processor can access it at startup?

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Permanent memory. Read Only Memory (ROM, Read Only Memory) is non-volatile memory used to store data that will never need to be changed. The memory contents are specially “hardwired” into the device during its manufacture for permanent storage. ROM can only be read.

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The ROM chip is installed so that its memory occupies the required addresses. Therefore, when the processor begins its work, it ends up in permanent memory, prepared for it in advance. Read-only memory (ROM)

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Permanent memory. - Do you think the ROM manufacturers knew the parameters of your hard drive or monitor? You have changed your monitor. How to report its ROM parameters if you yourself cannot change the information in it? Is it possible to write this information into RAM? Conclusion: you need a memory in which information could be written (unlike ROM) and which would be non-volatile (unlike RAM).

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Flash memory. Non-volatile memory. Allows multiple rewriting of its contents. First of all, a program for controlling the operation of the processor itself is written into permanent memory. ROM contains programs for controlling the display, keyboard, printer, external memory, programs for starting and stopping the computer, and testing devices. The most important Flash memory chip is the BIOS module. The role of the BIOS is twofold: on the one hand, it is an integral element of the hardware, and on the other hand, it is an important module of any operating system.

“Hard disk device” - Electronics board. Hard Disk Drive (HDD). Horizontal dimensions of hard drives: Landing Zone). The main purpose of the hard drive: HDD. The structure and principle of operation of a hard drive. Form factor: Winchester. The electronics board contains: Storage medium. Information from history: Read-write heads.

“Personal computer device” - What is the difference between optical-mechanical and optical mice? A printer. There are two types of scanners: hand-held flatbed. What does " Personal Computer"? Information is entered in the form of alphanumeric character data. There are three types of printers: matrix inkjet laser. System unit. Keyboard.

“Commands for the computer” - 1) call next. A. 1946 American ENIAC 1952 IAS Von Neumann. Advantages and disadvantages. Then wait for the value to be read. Both approaches have the right to life! Command execution block. Basic principles of development modern computers. Conveyors. Operand fetch block.

"Flash memory" - Flash memory Characteristics. Initially, the CD was created for digital audio storage (the so-called Presentation. So the indicated speed of 100x means 100 × 150 Kb/s = 15,000 Kb/s = 14.65 MB/s. Flash memory Applications. Flash memory Disadvantages Some HDDs use one plate, others use several on the same axis.

“Triggers” - With values ​​of Rt=St=1, the trigger state is undefined. UGO RS trigger with inverse inputs. R-S TRIGGERS truth table. Classification of triggers. In a steady state, always, if Q=1, then!Q=0 and, if Q=0, then!Q=1. Structural equation of an RS-type trigger. Trigger definition. Table R-S transitions trigger.

“Memory device” - The backbone-modular principle of building a computer. Laser drives use the optical principle of reading information. Read-only memory (ROM, English. Usually RAM made from integrated circuits. ROM can only be read. Ports are also called standard interface devices: serial, parallel.

There are a total of 33 presentations in the topic