Intel Company produces the world's most popular microprocessors for computers. Every year they delight users with a new generation of CPUs. When buying a PC or fixing errors, you may need to find out what generation your processor belongs to. Several simple ways will help you accomplish this.

Intel labels CPUs by assigning model numbers to them. The first of the four digits indicates that the CPU belongs to a specific generation. You can find out the device model using additional programs, system information, look at the markings on the case or box. Let's take a closer look at each method.

Method 1: Programs to determine computer hardware

There is a number of auxiliary software that provides information about all computer components. Such programs always contain data about the installed processor. Let's look at the process of determining the CPU generation using an example:

If the PC Wizard program is not suitable for you for some reason, then we recommend that you familiarize yourself with other representatives of similar software that we described in our article.

Method 2: Inspect the processor and box

For a newly purchased device, just pay attention to the box. It contains all the necessary information, and also indicates the CPU model. For example, it will say "i3-4170", means number "4" and means generation. Once again, please note that the generation is determined by the first of the four digits of the model.

If there is no box, the necessary information is located on the protective box of the processor. If it is not installed in the computer, just look at it - the model must be indicated at the top of the plate.

Difficulties arise only if the processor is already installed in the socket on motherboard. Thermal paste is applied to it, and it is applied directly to the protective box, on which the necessary data is written. Of course you can take it apart system unit, disconnect the cooler and wipe off the thermal paste, but this should only be done by users who are well versed in this topic. With the CPU in laptops it is even more complicated, because the process of disassembling it is much more complicated than disassembling a PC.

You can find out what kind of processor is on a laptop or computer using the Everest or Aida 64 programs.

They give full information about all installed components in your computer or laptop, including which processor is installed.

Just don’t rush - they are paid, do you need it? You can find out information about the installed processor in a standard way- for free.

How to find out what processor frequency is

Frequency determines power - the higher it is, the better. How to find out? Easily.

If you followed the links in the sections above and found out the characteristics of the “heart” of your computer, then you can see the frequency right there.

If you haven’t switched over yet, then go ahead – there’s no point in describing this procedure here again.

How to find out what generation the processor is

Intel processors:

• "Core" series have a core Sandy Bridge. This is the second generation. Their names usually begin with two
• These are already outdated models. Modern models created on the “Ivy Bridge” core with the number 3.
• Now it’s not difficult for you to recognize the generation. For example, Core i5-3560 is the third generation, and Core i5-2440 is the second.

AMD processors:

• AMD is divided into several types: AMD FX, AMD A, AMD Phenom II and Athlon II and AMD Sempron.
• AMD FX - work without a limit on the multiplier - they can be overclocked. In this case, the first digit in the name indicates the number of cores.
• AMD A - have a built-in graphics core, and the numbers in the name indicate the class.
• AMD Phenom II and Athlon II are the earliest versions, released back in 2010, but after low price and are still popular today (the number in the name indicates the number of cores).
• AMD Sempron are budget devices used in office computers and desktop computers.

How to find out how many cores are in a processor

Today, devices have already appeared that have even 8 cores - this is undoubtedly a lot, although in general the number of cores does not determine the power.

Today, a processor with a lower frequency can be more powerful than a multi-core one if it is built on a new architecture.

However, this important parameter. If you want to know how many cores are in something you are going to buy, then the best way to find out is via the Internet.

Go to the manufacturer’s website - everything is described there or look for a description by name in the usual way (Google or Yandex search engine)

If the question is how many cores are in yours, then the program CPU-Z can easily tell you this, which you can download from the link in the second subsection of this article.

Information about the number of cores is located almost at the very bottom. Good luck.

Category: Uncategorized

One day, a great sage in captain's uniform said that a computer would not be able to work without a processor. Since then, everyone has considered it their duty to find the very processor that will make their system fly like a fighter.

From this article you will learn:

Since we simply cannot cover all the chips known to science, we want to focus on one interesting family of the Intelovich family - Core i5. They have very interesting characteristics and good performance.

Why this series and not i3 or i7? It's simple: excellent potential without overpaying for unnecessary instructions that plague the seventh line. And there are more cores than in the Core i3. It’s quite natural for you to start arguing about support and find yourself partially right, but 4 physical cores can do much more than 2+2 virtual ones.

History of the series

Today on our agenda is a comparison of processors Intel Core i5 of different generations. Here I would like to touch upon such pressing topics as the thermal package and the presence of solder under the lid. And if we’re in the mood, we’ll also push particularly interesting stones together. So, let's go.

I would like to start with the fact that only desktop processors will be considered, and not options for a laptop. There will be a comparison of mobile chips, but another time.

The release frequency table looks like this:

Generation	Year of issue	Architecture	Series	Socket	Number of cores/threads	Level 3 cache
1	2009 (2010)	Hehalem (Westmere)	i5-7xx (i5-6xx)	LGA 1156	4/4 (2/4)	8 MB (4 MB)
2	2011	Sandy Bridge	i5-2xxx	LGA 1155	4/4	6 MB
3	2012	Ivy Bridge	i5-3xxx	LGA 1155	4/4	6 MB
4	2013	Haswell	i5-4xxx	LGA 1150	4/4	6 MB
5	2015	Broadwell	i5-5xxx	LGA 1150	4/4	4 MB
6	2015	Skylake	i5-6xxx	LGA 1151	4/4	6 MB
7	2017	Kaby Lake	i5-7xxx	LGA 1151	4/4	6 MB
8	2018	Coffee Lake	i5-8xxx	LGA 1151 v2	6/6	9 MB

2009

The first representatives of the series were released back in 2009. They were created on 2 different architectures: Nehalem (45 nm) and Westmere (32 nm). The most striking representatives of the line are the i5-750 (4x2.8 GHz) and i5-655K (3.2 GHz). The latter additionally had an unlocked multiplier and the ability to overclock, which indicated its high performance in games and more.

The differences between the architectures lie in the fact that Westmare are built according to 32 nm process standards and have 2nd generation gates. And they have less energy consumption.

2011

This year saw the release of the second generation of processors – Sandy Bridge. Their distinctive feature was the presence of a built-in Intel HD 2000 video core.

Among the abundance of i5-2xxx models, I would especially like to highlight the CPU with the 2500K index. At one time, it created a real sensation among gamers and enthusiasts, combining a high frequency of 3.2 GHz with Turbo Boost support and low cost. And yes, under the cover there was solder, not thermal paste, which additionally contributed to the high-quality acceleration of the stone without consequences.

2012

The debut of Ivy Bridge brought a 22-nanometer process technology, higher frequencies, new DDR3, DDR3L and PCI-E 3.0 controllers, as well as USB 3.0 support (but only for i7).

Integrated graphics have evolved to Intel HD 4000.

The most interesting solution on this platform was the Core i5-3570K with an unlocked multiplier and a frequency of up to 3.8 GHz in boost.

2013

The Haswell generation did not bring anything supernatural except for the new LGA 1150 socket, the AVX 2.0 instruction set and the new HD 4600 graphics. In fact, the entire emphasis was placed on energy saving, which the company managed to achieve.

But the fly in the ointment is the replacement of solder with a thermal interface, which greatly reduced the overclocking potential of the top i5-4670K (and its updated version 4690K from the Haswell Refresh line).

2015

Essentially this is the same Haswell, transferred to 14 nm architecture.

2016

The sixth iteration, under the name Skylake, introduced an updated LGA 1151 socket, support for DDR4 RAM, 9th generation IGP, AVX 3.2 instructions and SATA Express.

Among the processors, it is worth highlighting the i5-6600K and 6400T. The first was loved for its high frequencies and unlocked multiplier, and the second for its low cost and extremely low heat dissipation of 35 W despite Turbo Boost support.

2017

The Kaby Lake era is the most controversial because it brought absolutely nothing new to the desktop processor segment except native support for USB 3.1. Also, these stones completely refuse to run on Windows 7, 8 and 8.1, not to mention older versions.

The socket remains the same - LGA 1151. And the set of interesting processors has not changed - 7600K and 7400T. The reasons for people's love are the same as for Skylake.

2018

Goffee Lake processors are fundamentally different from their predecessors. Four cores have been replaced by 6, which previously only the top versions of the i7 X series could afford. The L3 cache size was increased to 9 MB, and the thermal package in most cases does not exceed 65 W.

Of the entire collection, the i5-8600K model is considered the most interesting for its ability to overclock up to 4.3 GHz (though only 1 core). However, the public prefers the i5-8400 as the cheapest entry ticket.

Instead of results

If we were asked what we would offer to the lion's share of gamers, we would say without hesitation that the i5-8400. The advantages are obvious:

• cost below 190$
• 6 full physical cores;
• frequency up to 4 GHz in Turbo Boost
• heat package 65 W
• complete fan.

Additionally, you don’t have to select a “specific” RAM, as for the Ryzen 1600 (the main competitor, by the way), and the cores themselves in Intel. You lose additional virtual streams, but practice shows that in games they only reduce FPS without introducing certain adjustments to the gameplay.

By the way, if you don’t know where to buy, I recommend paying attention to some very popular and serious online store– at the same time you can find your way around the prices for i5 8400, periodically I buy various gadgets here myself.

In any case, it's up to you. Until next time, don't forget to subscribe to the blog.

And more news for those who are following ( solid state drives) – this rarely happens.

Generations and varieties of iPhone

Since the summer of 2007, when the first generation of iPhone was released, a lot of models and varieties of Apple smartphones have accumulated:

• iPhone 2G (aluminum)
• iPhone 3GS in two varieties - with old and new boot
• iPhone 4 in three varieties - regular model, CDMA model and 2012 model
• iPhone 5 in two versions - a model for America and a "global model"
• iPhone 6 and iPhone 6 Plus
• iPhone 6s and iPhone 6s Plus
• iPhone 7 and iPhone 7 Plus
• iPhone XS and iPhone XS Max

The very first aluminum iPhone, unlike other generations. A characteristic difference is the large black plastic insert for the antennas in the lower part of the rear wall of the case. Although this generation has a name attached to it, it does not refer to the generation of the iPhone itself, but to the generation cellular networks in which he works. The first iPhone supported only second generation networks (including GPRS and EDGE).

It has a completely plastic body in white or black. All inscriptions on the back wall are made with gray paint. The iPhone was named so due to the fact that it supported 3G cellular networks.

Externally, it almost completely replicates the appearance of the iPhone 3G, the only difference is that the inscriptions on the back wall are painted in exactly the same silver mirror paint as the Apple logo.

Old and new iPhone 3GS bootroms

From the point of view of the prospects for jailbreaking, there are two types - with the old bootrom and with the new bootrom. Butrom(bootrom) is a non-rewritable hardware bootloader of the device, and the prospects for jailbreaking largely depend on the presence of vulnerabilities in it. The difference between the old and new bootrom is evident to this day: for iPhone 3GS with old boot Guaranteed untethered jailbreak for any iOS versions, and for iPhone 3GS with new boot- only tethered (read about the difference between tethered and untethered jailbreak).

It is easy to distinguish an iPhone 3GS with a new boot by its serial number. It is necessary to take the third, fourth and fifth digits. The third digit encrypts the year of production (9 = 2009, 0 = 2010, 1 = 2011), the fourth and fifth are the serial number of the week of the year in which the iPhone was released (from 01 to 52). The first iPhone 3GS with the new boot began to appear in the 40th week of 2009, and from the 45th week the new boot began to be used in all released iPhones. So, if the third digit of the iPhone 3GS serial number is 0 or 1, it definitely has a new bootrom. If the third digit is 9, you need to look at the fourth and fifth digits. If they are less than or equal to 39, the bootrom is definitely old; if they are greater than or equal to 45, the bootrom is definitely new.

To know serial number iPhone 3GS is possible without turning on the device, because... The serial number is printed on the SIM card tray. However, this is not a very reliable method, especially when purchasing, because... The tray is easy to replace. You can find out exactly the serial number either in iTunes (on home page device properties), or on the device itself, in the menu "Settings-General-About this device-Serial number".

It is significantly different from all previous iPhones, firstly, in design, and secondly, in display. Both the front and back panels are made entirely of glass, and the smartphone is surrounded by a metal rim-antenna along the perimeter.

There are three iPhone models 4:

• regular GSM model, which looks exactly like the photo above
• CDMA model iPhone 4 It is distinguished by the absence of a SIM tray and a different antenna design - it lacks a black stripe to the right of the headphone jack.
• second revision of iPhone 4, which began production in 2012, looks no different from the regular iPhone 4 GSM, but its processor has much fewer jailbreak vulnerabilities. This iPhone model can only be distinguished using third-party utilities, for example, redsn0w. Connect the gadget to your computer, download redsn0w for OS X or Windows, run the utility. Go to the Extras-Even more-Identify menu, in the window that opens, scroll down the text and look at the value in the ProductType line. If there is "iPhone3,1" - this is a regular GSM-iPhone 4, if "iPhone3,2" is a new revision of iPhone 4 GSM; and the CDMA model is designated "iPhone3.3".

It looks almost the same as the iPhone 4 GSM, but its antenna design is the same as the iPhone 4 CDMA, while the iPhone 4S is always equipped with a SIM tray.

However, the most reliable way distinguish iPhone 4S - model code on the back wall. If the second line under the word iPhone says “Model A1387”, this is definitely an iPhone 4S.

It differs from all other generations of iPhone in height - with the same screen width, its diagonal has grown to 4 inches. Back panel The iPhone 5 is made of aluminum, and there are glass inserts on the top and bottom that cover the antennas.

Initially, the iPhone 5 was released in two versions - the “American model” and the “global model”. The difference between them is the list of supported LTE bands, but for Russia this practically does not matter, because none of these models can operate on Russian frequencies allocated for 4G.

You can distinguish iPhone 5 models by the model code on the back wall. "Model A1428" gives "US model" and "Model A1429" says "global".

The first iPhone released in a multi-colored plastic case. Available in blue, green, pink, yellow and white models.

iPhone 5c was released in 6 hardware models - A1532 (for North America and China), A1456 (CDMA model for the USA and Japan), A1507 (worldwide model), A1529 (for Southeast Asia), A1516 and A1526 (for China) which differ in the composition of supported LTE bands.

The first iPhone with a Touch ID scanner. The fingerprint scanner is built into the Home button, which has lost the icon but has a metal bezel. Other external differences between the iPhone 5s and the iPhone 5 are the dual flash and reduced clearance around the Power button and volume control buttons.

iPhone 5s came in 6 hardware models - A1533 (for North America and China), A1453 (CDMA model for North America and Japan), A1457 (global model), A1518 and A1528 (for China) and A1530 (for Southeast Asia ), which differ in the composition of supported LTE bands.

An unusual version of the iPhone, as evidenced by its name. There are no numbers in it, and the letters SE mean Special Edition. Externally, the smartphone differs little from the iPhone 5s, but its hardware corresponds to the iPhone 6s. As for performance, the smaller iPhone even leads here, ahead of Apple's top flagships of 2015. There are practically no external differences between the iPhone 5s and SE: the SE is available in rose gold, while the 5s is not; In addition, there is additional marking on the back wall of the iPhone SE - a square with rounded corners and the inscription "SE" inside.

iPhone SE was released in 3 hardware models - A1662 (for America), A1724 (for China) and A1723 (for the rest of the world). It is important to note that the American model A1662 does not support LTE band 7, which is popular in Russia.

In 2017, the iPhone SE line was redesigned, instead of models with 16 and 64 GB of memory, models with 32 and 128 GB were produced.

Marked not only by a change in design, but also by another increase in screen diagonal. Externally, the iPhone 6 is similar to the very first generation of iPhone - a lot of metal, rounded corners. But that's where the similarities end: the iPhone 6 is much thinner and has different shapes and button positions. Thus, the Power button has moved from the top end to the right side of the smartphone. Another characteristic (and not the most pleasant) iPhone difference 6 from previous generations of iPhone - a camera protruding from the body. The iPhone 6 has only one hardware model, universal for all regions. iPhone 6 comes in three hardware models - A1549 (for the Americas), A1589 (for China) and A1586 (for the rest of the world).

The only thing that differs externally from the iPhone 6 is its size. But this is quite enough, because anyone will notice the difference between the diagonals of 5.5 and 4.7 inches. This is actually the largest iPhone ever. Like the iPhone 6, the iPhone 6 Plus has three different hardware models aimed at different regions of the world: A1522 for America, A1593 for China, and A1524 for most other countries.

The iPhone 6s cannot be visually distinguished from the iPhone 6; they are completely identical. However, the iPhone 6s is the first iPhone in history to also come in a new rose gold color. Other distinctive iPhone features 6s has a pressure sensitive 3D Touch display and a 12 megapixel camera. But a switched off iPhone 6s can only be unambiguously determined after examining the back cover. There, under the inscription iPhone you will see capital letter S in a square with rounded corners. Engraved below in small print is the hardware model code - A1633 (US model), A1700 (China), A1691 (Southeast Asia) or A1688 (rest of the world).

For the iPhone 6s Plus, everything that is written above about the iPhone 6s is true. It is also impossible to distinguish the 6s Plus from the 6 Plus without looking at the back cover and making sure that there is an “S” there. Like the iPhone 6s, the iPhone 6s Plus comes in four hardware models - A1634 (US model), A1699 (China), A1690 (Southeast Asia) or A1687 (rest of the world).

In 2016, Apple's long-standing rule that a new number in an iPhone's model number always meant a redesign of the case was broken. Of course, the iPhone 7 can be distinguished from its predecessors, but only if you look closely. Firstly, the new generation iPhone does not have a 3.5mm headphone jack. Secondly, the camera now does not stick out from the body so much; the protrusion has been smoothed out. Thirdly, the design of the antennas on the case has been simplified - the transverse straight stripes have been removed, leaving only stripes that go around the top and bottom edges of the iPhone along the perimeter. The iPhone 7 is no longer available in space gray; it has been replaced by two shades of black - matte and glossy (marketing name "black onyx"). The iPhone 7 has one of 4 hardware model numbers on the back wall - A1660, A1778, A1779 or A1780.

In the spring of 2017 a new color appeared iPhone cases 7 – red.

For the iPhone 7 Plus, what is written in the paragraph above is again relevant, with the exception of the camera. It is difficult to confuse it with other models... if only because the iPhone 7 Plus has more than one. iPhone 7 Plus became the first iPhone in history with dual camera, designed for optical 2x zoom and bokeh effect. Like the iPhone 7, the iPhone 7 Plus is available in 4 hardware models – A1661, A1784, A1785 and A1786.

Spring 2017 iPhone of the year 7 Plus also began to be released in a red body color.

Although the iPhone 8 received the following number in its name, it was actually supposed to be called the iPhone 7s. There really are few differences from the “seven”: back cover made of glass, making wireless charging possible, updated cameras and processor. Even their dimensions are the same, which makes possible use cases for iPhone 7/7+. The iPhone 8 has fewer colors than its predecessors: silver, space gray and gold. iPhone 8 and iPhone 8 Plus each received 4 hardware models: A1863, A1905, A1906 and A1907 for iPhone 8; A1864, A1897, A1898 and A1899 for iPhone 8 Plus.

iPhone X is the same anniversary iPhone, dedicated to the tenth anniversary of the iPhone era that changed the world. This iPhone is radically different from anything that came before. He doesn't have Home buttons(and there are no buttons on the front at all) - this alone makes it possible to clearly distinguish it from other iPhones. This is also the first iPhone with an OLED display and new technology authorization using a three-dimensional model Face ID, which replaced the Touch ID fingerprint scanner. The iPhone X has only two body colors: silver and space gray.

The iPhone X has two hardware models – A1865 and A1901.

iPhone XS and iPhone XS Max

iPhone XS is a logical continuation of the development of iPhone X. This generation was the first in history to support 512 GB of memory. Unlike the iPhone X, this iPhone was sold in three colors (a gold tint was added to silver and space gray) and in two sizes - along with the 6.5-inch iPhone XS Max.

The Max version of the iPhone XS also received two hardware SIM cards for the first time (in versions for China and Hong Kong, model A2104), the rest are content with eSIM. The remaining hardware models are the American version (A1920 and A1921 for XS and XS Max, respectively), global version(A2097 and A2101), Japanese version (A2098 and A2102), and XS model for China (A2100).

The iPhone XR was Apple's next big experiment since the not-so-successful iPhone 5c. The iPhone XR is deliberately cool - even the name emphasizes that it is only one letter of the alphabet behind the XS. There are not many compromises in it: an IPS display instead of OLED, one camera instead of two, and the absence of 3D Touch, but there are 6 bright body colors.

The iPhone XR has four hardware models - A1984 (American), A2105 (worldwide), A2106 (Japanese) and A2108 (Chinese, with two physical SIMs).

Do you know who your ancestors were? What were their names, what fate befell them? If I asked you to fill out a family tree right now, how many generations would you remember?

Practice shows that 90% of people have difficulty remembering the names of their great-grandparents and, alas, can say little about their lives. But ideally, a person should know his ancestors up to the seventh generation!

It’s not for nothing that the word “family” consists of two components: “Seven” and “I”. The tradition of knowing and honoring one's ancestors was well known to previous generations and has been completely forgotten in our time.

We have lost our understanding of why this is needed and for what purpose, and therefore have completely ceased to be interested in our roots. But our lives depend on it! It is not for nothing that the memory of the clan is included in the family tree. The trunk of the tree symbolizes ourselves, the leaves are our children, and the roots are our ancestors.

Now imagine that you have raised large and healthy offspring and your tree looks strong and powerful. But you know almost nothing about your ancestors and have never been interested. What kind of roots will such a tree have? Weak, small, lifeless. In the event of a hurricane, they will not be able to keep the tree in the ground or protect it from bad weather. This is exactly what happens in life.

If a person is not interested in the past and does not even understand why he needs to know his ancestors, then he is deprived of the help and support of his family, a force that sometimes saves entire lives! But just knowing is not enough. If a person has bad relationships in life with his parents, grandparents, it is at this point that the flow of ancestral energy is blocked.

Resentment, anger, hatred not only prevent the power of the family from being nourished, but also transforms this force into negative and destructive. Surely you have heard about generational curses? Therefore, it is so important to establish relationships with loved ones if they are still alive or to forgive them if they have died. But this is not the only reason why you need to know your ancestors and maintain good relations with them (even if they died, thinking well of them, we establish a birth canal through which they feed us with energy).

The seven generations of man symbolize his seven energy centers - chakras. Each generation shapes certain aspects in our lives:

First generation (me).

The second generation (parents - 2 people) - shape the body, health, pass on family scenarios.

The third generation (grandparents - 4 people) - are responsible for intelligence, abilities, talents.

The fourth generation (great-grandparents - 8 people) are the guardians of harmony, joy in life and material well-being.

The fifth generation (parents and great-grandfathers – 16 people) are responsible for safety in life.

The sixth generation (grandfathers of great-grandfathers - 32 people) - provide a connection with traditions. The 32 people of the sixth generation symbolize 32 teeth, where each tooth is associated with each ancestor. If you have problem teeth, it is worth establishing relationships with your ancestors and praying for them.

The seventh generation (great-grandfathers of great-grandfathers - 64 people) - are responsible for the country, city, house in which we live.

If you break down 64 people by numbers, this is what you get: 6+4 = 10 -˃ 1+0 = 1 – First generation again. Thus, the circle of the family of seven generations is closed.

In order to establish relationships with your family, first of all, you need to find out the name of each person, his life and destiny. And then you need to read prayers for each ancestor, pray for him before higher powers. It is in our hands to receive support of our kind, a blessing to fulfill our most cherished desires.