Ideal option operation of electrical networks is a change in the values ​​of current and voltage, both in the direction of decreasing and increasing by no more than 10% of the nominal 220 V. But since in reality surges are characterized by large changes, electrical appliances connected directly to the network are in danger of losing design capabilities and even failure.

Using special equipment will help you avoid trouble. But since it has a very high price, many people prefer to assemble a voltage stabilizer made by themselves. How justified is such a step and what will be required to implement it?

Design and principle of operation of the stabilizer

Device design

If you decide to assemble the device yourself, you will have to look inside the body of the industrial model. It consists of several main parts:

• Transformer;
• Capacitors;
• Resistors;
• Cables for connecting elements and connecting devices.

The operating principle of the simplest stabilizer is based on the operation of a rheostat. It increases or decreases resistance depending on the current. More modern models have a wide range of functions and are able to fully protect household appliances from power surges in the network.

Types of devices and their features

Types and their applications

The classification of equipment depends on the methods used to regulate the current. Since this quantity represents the directional movement of particles, it can be influenced in one of the following ways:

• Mechanical;
• Impulse.

The first is based on Ohm's law. Devices whose operation is based on it are called linear. They include two elbows that are connected using a rheostat. The voltage applied to one element passes through the rheostat and thus appears on the other, from which it is supplied to consumers.

Devices of this type allow you to very simply set the output current parameters and can be upgraded with additional components. But it is impossible to use such stabilizers in networks where the difference between the input and output current is large, since they will not be able to protect household appliances from short circuits under heavy loads.

Let's watch the video, the operating principle of the pulse device:

Pulse models operate on the principle of amplitude modulation of current. The stabilizer circuit uses a switch that breaks it at certain intervals. This approach allows current to be evenly accumulated in the capacitor, and after it is fully charged, further to devices.

Unlike linear stabilizers, pulse ones do not have the ability to set a specific value. There are step-up and step-down models on sale - this is an ideal choice for the home.

Voltage stabilizers are also divided into:

1. Single-phase;
2. Three-phase.

But since most household appliances operate from a single-phase network, in residential premises they usually use equipment belonging to the first type.

Let's start assembling: components, tools

Since a triac device is considered the most effective, in our article we will look at how to independently assemble just such a model. It should be immediately noted that this DIY voltage stabilizer will equalize the current provided that the input voltage is in the range from 130 to 270V.

The permissible power of devices connected to such equipment cannot exceed 6 kW. In this case, the load will be switched in 10 milliseconds.

As for components, to assemble such a stabilizer you will need the following elements:

• Power unit;
• Rectifier for measuring voltage amplitude;
• Comparator;
• Controller;
• Amplifiers;
• LEDs;
• Load turn-on delay unit;
• Autotransformer;
• Optocoupler switches;
• Switch-fuse.

The tools I will need are a soldering iron and tweezers.

Manufacturing stages

To assemble a 220V voltage stabilizer for your home with your own hands, you first need to prepare a printed circuit board measuring 115x90 mm. It is made of foil fiberglass. The parts layout can be printed on laser printer and using an iron transferred to the board.

Let's watch the video, a homemade simple device:

electrical circuit diagram

• magnetic core with a cross-sectional area of ​​1.87 cm²;
• three PEV-2 cables.

The first wire is used to create one winding, and its diameter is 0.064 mm. The number of turns should be 8669.

The two remaining wires will be needed to make other windings. They differ from the first one in diameter being 0.185 mm. The number of turns for these windings will be 522.

If you want to simplify your task, you can use two ready-made TPK-2-2 12V transformers. They are connected in series.

In the case of making these parts yourself, after one of them is ready, they move on to creating the second. It will require a toroidal magnetic circuit. For the winding, choose the same PEV-2 as in the first case, only the number of turns will be 455.

Also in the second transformer you will have to make 7 taps. Moreover, for the first three, a wire with a diameter of 3 mm is used, and for the rest, buses with a cross-section of 18 mm² are used. This will help prevent the transformer from heating up during operation.

connection of two transformers

It is better to purchase all other components for a device you create yourself in a store. Once everything you need has been purchased, you can begin assembly. It is best to start by installing a microcircuit that acts as a controller on a heat sink, which is made of aluminum platinum with an area of ​​more than 15 cm². Triacs are also mounted on it. Moreover, the heat sink on which they are supposed to be installed must have a cooling surface.

If assembling a 220V triac voltage stabilizer with your own hands seems complicated to you, then you can opt for a simpler linear model. It will have similar properties.

The effectiveness of a handmade product

What pushes a person to make this or that device? Most often - its high cost. And in this sense, a voltage stabilizer assembled with your own hands is, of course, superior to a factory model.

The advantages of homemade devices include the ability self-repair. The person who assembled the stabilizer understood both its operating principle and structure and therefore will be able to eliminate the malfunction without outside help.

In addition, all the parts for such a device were previously purchased in the store, so if they fail, you can always find a similar one.

If we compare the reliability of a stabilizer assembled with our own hands and manufactured at an enterprise, then the advantage is on the side of factory models. At home, develop a model that differs high performance almost impossible, since there is no special measuring equipment.

Conclusion

Exist Various types voltage stabilizers, and some of them are quite possible to make with your own hands. But to do this, you will have to understand the nuances of the operation of the equipment, purchase the necessary components and carry out their proper installation. If you are not confident in your abilities, then the best option– purchase of a factory-made device. Such a stabilizer costs more, but the quality is significantly superior to models assembled independently.

According to the established standard GOST 29322-2014 (IEC 60038:2009), the line voltage from industrial power supplies is supplied with a frequency of 50±0.2 Hz and 230V±10%. Failure to comply with certain rules for installing electrical installations during installation work during operation causes emergency situations. In these cases, the established network parameters may deviate significantly, which negatively affects the equipment that is used as a load. Old household appliances are especially sensitive to power surges: washing machines, refrigerators, air conditioners, vacuum cleaners and hand power tools. To eliminate these negative phenomena, the network voltage is stabilized to 220 volts.

In cases of increased voltage, the windings of electric motors overheat, the commutators quickly wear out, breakdowns of the insulating layer and interturn short circuits in the windings are possible. When the voltage is too low, the engines start jerkily or don’t start at all, which leads to premature wear of the starting equipment elements. Contacts on magnetic starters spark and burn, lighting devices do not operate at full power and glow dimly. The best option To stabilize the voltage parameters in the network without negative consequences, it is considered to be the use of a booster transformer in the power supply circuit, the voltage of the secondary winding is added to the network voltage, bringing it closer to the established parameters.

In new samples of radio-electronic equipment, televisions, personal computers Switching power supplies are installed in video or audio players; they effectively perform the work of stabilizing elements. Pulse block power supply is able to maintain normal operation of the equipment at a network voltage ranging from 160 to 230V. This method reliably protects equipment from burnout of individual elements of the input circuit due to overvoltage in the network. To protect outdated types of equipment, separate voltage stabilizers are used through which the devices are connected. Such stabilizers are sold in specialized stores, but if you wish and have certain knowledge and practical skills, you can assemble the simplest circuits yourself. Many hobbyists make their own voltage stabilizer.

Types of voltage stabilizers

Depending on the load power in the network and other operating conditions, they are used various models stabilizers:

• Ferroresonance stabilizers are considered the simplest; they use the principle of magnetic resonance. The circuit includes only two chokes and a capacitor. Externally, it looks like a regular transformer with primary and secondary windings on chokes. Such stabilizers have a large weight and dimensions, so they are almost never used for household equipment. Due to their high performance, these devices are used for medical equipment;

• Servo-drive stabilizers provide voltage regulation by an autotransformer, the rheostat of which is controlled by a servo drive that receives signals from a voltage control sensor. Electromechanical models can work with heavy loads, but have a low response speed. The relay voltage stabilizer has a sectional design of the secondary winding, voltage stabilization is carried out by a group of relays, the signals for closing and opening the contacts of which come from the control board. Thus, the necessary sections of the secondary winding are connected to maintain the output voltage within the specified values. The adjustment speed is fast, but the voltage setting accuracy is low;

• Electronic stabilizers have a similar principle as relay ones, but instead of relays, thyristors, triacs or field-effect transistors are used to rectify the appropriate power, depending on the load current. This significantly increases the switching speed of the secondary winding sections. There are variants of circuits without a transformer unit, all nodes are made on semiconductor elements;

• Double conversion voltage stabilizers regulate according to the inverter principle. These models convert alternating voltage to direct voltage, then back to alternating voltage; 220V is formed at the output of the converter.

The stabilizer circuit does not convert the mains voltage. The DC to AC inverter generates 220V output at any input voltage alternating current. Such stabilizers combine high speed actuation and voltage setting accuracy, but have high price compared to previously considered options.

Electronic voltage stabilizer circuit

Let's take a closer look at how to make an electronic voltage stabilizer with your own hands for 220V, assembling the circuit and setting it up. The circuit of such a stabilizer is simple and in demand among consumers, time-tested.

Basic specifications:

• Network input voltage range – 160-250V;
• The output voltage after stabilization is 220V;
• The permissible power consumed by the load is 2 kW;

This power is quite enough to connect one or more valuable household appliances that are sensitive to voltage surges through the stabilizer. The weight and dimensions of the device depend on the case; the main elements, transformer and board can be placed in a ready-made box or case from other electrical equipment.

Practice shows that a homemade voltage stabilizer has some difficulties during assembly: one of the labor-intensive processes in assembling a stabilizer circuit is the manufacture of a transformer, but in our case this work can be simplified. For this circuit, transformers of the TS180-TS320 brand are ideal for a 220V voltage stabilizer; they may not be available in retail chains, but you can buy them on old TVs and in markets for 300-500 rubles.

Transformers of the TN and TPP series also showed their performance well as part of this circuit. The secondary windings of these transformers produce voltages from 24 to 36 volts and can withstand load currents of up to 8A.

Basic elements and operating principle of the circuit

A mains voltage of 160-250V is supplied to the primary winding of the transformer; after transformation, a voltage of 24-36V is supplied from the output of the secondary winding to the diode bridge VD1. The key transistor VT1 is connected to the circuit through a voltage stabilizer DA1 with a variable resistance R5, which regulates the voltage at the output of the stabilizer. Parallel stabilizer DA1 and diode bridge VD2 monitor the error voltage and amplify it.

As the network voltage increases, the voltage of the secondary winding also increases on capacitor C3, which leads to the opening of the zener diode DA1, thus shunting the voltage across resistor R7. This leads to a voltage drop at the gate of transistor VT1, it closes, and at the output contacts of the stabilized voltage XT3, XT4 its increase is limited.

At low voltage primary winding a reverse reaction occurs: the voltage on the secondary winding decreases, the zener diode DA1 closes, the transistor opens, the voltage on the secondary winding increases.

The HL1 LED shows the state of the key transistor; when it is open, additional voltage is applied to the secondary winding, and the diode lights up. Zener diode VD3 limits the voltage to the set value, protecting the transistor gate from overvoltage.

The transistor is installed on a 50x50x10 mm duralumin radiator, usually this is enough to remove heat; the power line wires must have a cross-section of at least 4 mm2, the wires in the control circuits must have a smaller cross-section.

It is advisable to install fuses FU1, FU2 at 8-10 A.

Characteristics of circuit elements

the name of detail	Brand	Nominal value	Quantity
DA1	Voltage reference source	TL431	*
VT1	MOSFET transistor	IRF840	*
VD1	Diode bridge	RS805	*
VD2	Rectifying diode	RL102	****
VD3	Parallel Zener diode	KS156B	*
C1	Capacitor (capacitance)	0.1 mkf \400 V	*
C2	Capacitor(electrolyte)	10 mkf \450 V	*
C3	Electrolytic capacitor	47 mkf 25 V	*
C3	Capacitor	1000 pF	*
C4	Capacitor	0.22 mF	*
R1	Resistance	5600 Ω	*
R2	Resistance	2200 Ω	*
R3	Resistance	1500 Ω	*
R4	Resistance	8200 Ω	*
R5	Variable resistor	2200 Ω	*
R6	Resistance	1000 Ω	*
R7	Resistance	1200 Ω	*
T1	Transformer	TS320	*
NL1	Light-emitting diode	AL307B	*
FU1, FU2	Fuse	10 A	**
SA1	Switch		*
XT1-XT4	Grounding Plug		**

For installation of all elements it is used printed circuit board, the production of which requires more detailed consideration in a separate topic. If necessary, you can order the production of a board for this circuit from specialists who do this professionally on the website http://megapcb.com/.

As you can see, the 220V voltage stabilizer circuit is easy to assemble with your own hands and works reliably.

Very important! After assembly, it is necessary to adjust the output voltage stabilization limits. To do this, connect a regular 100-200 W incandescent lamp to the output of the stabilizer, then you need to set the variable resistor R5 at the output to 225V. Then connect a larger load up to 1.5 kV and increase the voltage to 220V. Measurements can be carried out with a conventional multimeter or a pointer voltmeter can be installed in the circuit. After 10 minutes of work on maximum load feel how hot the transistor is, if necessary, increase the size of the radiator.

Important! Do not forget that the transistor is attached to the radiator using heat-conducting paste through a mica gasket. For safety reasons, use a three-wire cord or a cable with a plug that has a ground terminal at the input of the stabilizer. Connect the ground wire to the neutral line on the board and case, especially when it is metal.

Video

Content:

In electrical circuits, there is a constant need to stabilize certain parameters. For this purpose, special control and monitoring schemes are used. The accuracy of the stabilizing actions depends on the so-called standard, with which a specific parameter, for example, voltage, is compared. That is, when the parameter value is below the standard, the voltage stabilizer circuit will turn on the control and give a command to increase it. If necessary, the opposite action is performed - to reduce.

This operating principle underlies automatic control all known devices and systems. Voltage stabilizers operate in the same way, despite the variety of circuits and elements used to create them.

DIY 220V voltage stabilizer circuit

With ideal operation of electrical networks, the voltage value should change by no more than 10% of the nominal value, up or down. However, in practice, voltage drops reach much higher values, which has an extremely negative effect on electrical equipment, even to the point of failure.

Special stabilizing equipment will help protect against such troubles. However, due to its high cost, its use in domestic conditions is in many cases economically unprofitable. The best way out of the situation is a homemade 220V voltage stabilizer, the circuit of which is quite simple and inexpensive.

You can take an industrial design as a basis to find out what parts it consists of. Each stabilizer includes a transformer, resistors, capacitors, connecting and connecting cables. The simplest is considered an alternating voltage stabilizer, the circuit of which operates on the principle of a rheostat, increasing or decreasing the resistance in accordance with the current strength. IN modern models Additionally, there are many other functions that protect household appliances from power surges.

Among homemade designs, triac devices are considered the most effective, so this model will be considered as an example. Current equalization with this device will be possible with an input voltage in the range of 130-270 volts. Before starting assembly, you must purchase a certain set of elements and components. It consists of a power supply, rectifier, controller, comparator, amplifiers, LEDs, autotransformer, load turn-on delay unit, optocoupler switches, fuse switch. The main working tools are tweezers and a soldering iron.

To assemble a 220 volt stabilizer First of all, you will need a printed circuit board measuring 11.5x9.0 cm, which must be prepared in advance. It is recommended to use foil fiberglass as a material. The layout of the parts is printed on a printer and transferred to the board using an iron.

Transformers for the circuit can be taken ready-made or assembled yourself. Finished transformers must be brand TPK-2-2 12V and connected in series to each other. To create your first transformer with your own hands, you will need a magnetic core with a cross-section of 1.87 cm2 and 3 PEV-2 cables. The first cable is used in one winding. Its diameter will be 0.064 mm, and the number of turns will be 8669. The remaining wires are used in other windings. Their diameter will be already 0.185 mm, and the number of turns will be 522.

The second transformer is made on the basis of a toroidal magnetic core. Its winding is made of the same wire as in the first case, but the number of turns will be different and will be 455. In the second device, seven taps are made. The first three are made from wire with a diameter of 3 mm, and the rest from tires with a cross-section of 18 mm2. This prevents the transformer from heating up during operation.

It is recommended to purchase all other components ready-made in specialized stores. The basis of the assembly is circuit diagram voltage stabilizer, factory-made. First, a microcircuit is installed that acts as a controller for the heat sink. For its manufacture, an aluminum plate with an area of ​​over 15 cm2 is used. Triacs are installed on the same board. The heat sink intended for installation must have a cooling surface. After this, LEDs are installed here in accordance with the circuit or on the side of the printed conductors. The structure assembled in this way cannot be compared with factory models either in terms of reliability or quality of work. Such stabilizers are used with household appliances, which do not require precise current and voltage parameters.

Transistor voltage stabilizer circuits

High-quality transformers used in electrical circuit, effectively cope even with large interference. They reliably protect household appliances and equipment installed in the house. A customized filtration system allows you to deal with any power surges. By controlling the voltage, current changes occur. The limiting frequency at the input increases, and at the output it decreases. Thus, the current in the circuit is converted in two stages.

First, a transistor with a filter is used at the input. Next comes the start of work. To complete the current conversion, the circuit uses an amplifier, most often installed between resistors. Due to this, the required temperature level is maintained in the device.

The rectification circuit operates as follows. Rectification of alternating voltage from the secondary winding of the transformer occurs using a diode bridge (VD1-VD4). Voltage smoothing is performed by capacitor C1, after which it enters the system compensating stabilizer. The action of resistor R1 sets the stabilizing current on the zener diode VD5. Resistor R2 is a load resistor. With the participation of capacitors C2 and C3, the supply voltage is filtered.

The value of the output voltage of the stabilizer will depend on the elements VD5 and R1, for the selection of which there is a special table. VT1 is installed on a radiator whose cooling surface area must be at least 50 cm2. The domestic transistor KT829A can be replaced with a foreign analogue BDX53 from Motorola. The remaining elements are marked: capacitors - K50-35, resistors - MLT-0.5.

12V linear voltage regulator circuit

Linear stabilizers use KREN chips, as well as LM7805, LM1117 and LM350. It should be noted that the KREN symbol is not an abbreviation. This is an abbreviation full name stabilizer chip, designated as KR142EN5A. Other microcircuits of this type are designated in the same way. After the abbreviation, this name looks different - KREN142.

Linear stabilizers or voltage stabilizers direct current schemes have become most widespread. Their only drawback is the inability to operate at a voltage lower than the declared output voltage.

For example, if you need to get a voltage of 5 volts at the output of the LM7805, then the input voltage must be at least 6.5 volts. When less than 6.5V is applied to the input, a so-called voltage drop will occur, and the output will no longer have the declared 5 volts. In addition, linear stabilizers get very hot under load. This property underlies the principle of their operation. That is, voltage higher than stabilized is converted into heat. For example, when a voltage of 12V is applied to the input of the LM7805 microcircuit, then 7 of them will be used to heat the case, and only the necessary 5V will go to the consumer. During the transformation process, such strong heating occurs that this microcircuit will simply burn out in the absence of a cooling radiator.

Adjustable voltage stabilizer circuit

Situations often arise when the voltage supplied by the stabilizer needs to be adjusted. The figure shows simple circuit adjustable stabilizer voltage and current, allowing not only to stabilize, but also to regulate voltage. It can be easily assembled even with only basic knowledge of electronics. For example, the input voltage is 50V, and the output is any value within 27 volts.

The main part of the stabilizer is used field-effect transistor IRLZ24/32/44 and other similar models. These transistors are equipped with three terminals - drain, source and gate. The structure of each of them consists of a dielectric metal (silicon dioxide) - a semiconductor. The housing contains a TL431 stabilizer chip, with the help of which the output is adjusted electrical voltage. The transistor itself can remain on the heatsink and be connected to the board by conductors.

This circuit can operate with input voltage in the range from 6 to 50V. Output voltage turns out to be in the range from 3 to 27V and can be adjusted using a trimmer resistor. Depending on the design of the radiator, the output current reaches 10A. The capacity of smoothing capacitors C1 and C2 is 10-22 μF, and C3 is 4.7 μF. The circuit can work without them, but the quality of stabilization will be reduced. The electrolytic capacitors at the input and output are rated at approximately 50V. The power dissipated by such a stabilizer does not exceed 50 W.

Triac voltage stabilizer circuit 220V

Triac stabilizers work in a similar way to relay devices. A significant difference is the presence of a unit that switches the transformer windings. Instead of relays, powerful triacs are used, operating under the control of controllers.

Control of the windings using triacs is non-contact, so there are no characteristic clicks when switching. Copper wire is used to wind the autotransformer. Triac stabilizers can operate at low voltage from 90 volts and high voltage up to 300 volts. Voltage regulation is carried out with an accuracy of up to 2%, which is why the lamps do not blink at all. However, during switching, a self-induced emf occurs, as in relay devices.

Triac switches are highly sensitive to overloads, and therefore they must have a power reserve. This type stabilizers have a very difficult temperature regime. Therefore, triacs are installed on radiators with forced fan cooling. The DIY 220V thyristor voltage stabilizer circuit works in exactly the same way.

There are devices with increased accuracy that operate on a two-stage system. The first stage performs a rough adjustment of the output voltage, while the second stage carries out this process much more precisely. Thus, control of two stages is performed using one controller, which actually means the presence of two stabilizers in a single housing. Both stages have windings wound in a common transformer. With 12 switches, these two stages allow you to adjust the output voltage in 36 levels, which ensures its high accuracy.

Voltage stabilizer with current protection circuit

These devices provide power primarily for low-voltage devices. This current and voltage stabilizer circuit is distinguished by its simple design, accessible element base, and the ability to smoothly adjust not only the output voltage, but also the current at which the protection is triggered.
The basis of the circuit is a parallel regulator or an adjustable zener diode, also with high power. Using a so-called measuring resistor, the current consumed by the load is monitored.

Sometimes at the output of the stabilizer there is short circuit or the load current exceeds the set value. In this case, the voltage across resistor R2 drops, and transistor VT2 opens. There is also a simultaneous opening of transistor VT3, which shunts the reference voltage source. As a result, the output voltage is reduced to almost zero level, and the control transistor is protected from current overloads. In order to set the exact threshold for current protection, a trimming resistor R3 is used, connected in parallel with resistor R2. The red color of LED1 indicates the protection has tripped, and the green LED2 indicates the output voltage.

After correctly assembling the circuit powerful stabilizers The voltages are immediately put into operation; you just need to set the required output voltage value. After loading the device, the rheostat sets the current at which the protection is triggered. If the protection should operate at a lower current, for this it is necessary to increase the value of resistor R2. For example, with R2 equal to 0.1 Ohm, the minimum protection current will be about 8A. If, on the contrary, you need to increase the load current, you should connect two or more transistors in parallel, the emitters of which have equalizing resistors.

Relay voltage stabilizer circuit 220

Using a relay stabilizer, reliable protection of devices and other electronic devices, for which standard level voltage is 220V. This voltage stabilizer is 220V, the circuit of which is known to everyone. It is widely popular due to the simplicity of its design.

In order to properly operate this device, it is necessary to study its design and operating principle. Each relay stabilizer consists of an automatic transformer and an electronic circuit that controls its operation. In addition, there is a relay housed in a durable housing. This device belongs to the voltage booster category, that is, it only adds current in the event of low voltage.

Adding the required number of volts is done by connecting the transformer winding. Usually 4 windings are used for operation. If the current is too high electrical network, the transformer automatically reduces the voltage to the desired value. The design can be supplemented with other elements, for example, a display.

Thus, the relay voltage stabilizer has a very simple operating principle. The current is measured by an electronic circuit, then, after receiving the results, it is compared with the output current. The resulting voltage difference is regulated independently by selecting the required winding. Next, the relay is connected and the voltage reaches the required level.

Voltage and current stabilizer on LM2576

Household appliances are susceptible to voltage surges: they wear out faster and fail. And in the network, the voltage often jumps, falls, or even breaks off: this is due to the distance from the source and the imperfection of power lines.

To power devices with current with stable characteristics, voltage stabilizers are used in apartments. Regardless of the parameters of the current introduced into the device at its output, it will have almost unchanged parameters.

A current equalizing device can be purchased, choosing from a wide range (differences in power, principle of operation, control and output voltage parameter). But our article is devoted to how to make a voltage stabilizer with your own hands. Is homemade work justified in this case?

A homemade stabilizer has three advantages:

1. Cheapness. All parts are purchased separately, and this is cost-effective compared to the same parts, but already assembled into a single device - a current equalizer;
2. Possibility of DIY repair. If one of the elements of the purchased stabilizer fails, you are unlikely to be able to replace it, even if you understand electrical engineering. You simply won’t find anything to replace a worn-out part with. With a homemade device, everything is simpler: you initially bought all the elements in the store. All that remains is to go there again and buy what is broken;
3. Easy repair. If you have assembled a voltage converter yourself, then you know it 100%. And understanding the device and operation will help you quickly identify the cause of stabilizer failure. Once you figure it out, you can easily repair your homemade unit.

The self-produced stabilizer has three serious disadvantages:

1. Low reliability. At specialized enterprises, devices are more reliable, since their development is based on the readings of high-precision instrumentation, which cannot be found in everyday life;
2. Wide output voltage range. If industrial stabilizers can produce a relatively constant voltage (for example, 215-220V), then home-made analogues can have a range 2-5 times larger, which can be critical for equipment that is hypersensitive to changes in current;
3. Complex setup. If you buy a stabilizer, then the setup stage is bypassed; all you have to do is connect the device and control its operation. If you are the creator of the current equalizer, then you should configure it too. This is difficult, even if you have made the simplest voltage stabilizer yourself.

Homemade current equalizer: characteristics

The stabilizer is characterized by two parameters:

• Permissible range of input voltage (Uin);
• Permissible range of output voltage (Uout).

This article discusses the triac current converter because it is highly efficient. For it, Uin is 130-270V, and Uout is 205-230V. If a large input voltage range is an advantage, then for the output it is a disadvantage.

However, for household appliances this range remains acceptable. This is easy to check, because the permissible voltage fluctuations are surges and dips of no more than 10%. And this is 22.2 Volts up or down. This means that it is permissible to change the voltage from 197.8 to 242.2 Volts. Compared to this range, the current on our triac stabilizer is even smoother.

The device is suitable for connecting to a line with a load of no more than 6 kW. It switches in 0.01 seconds.

Design of a current stabilizing device

A homemade 220V voltage stabilizer, the diagram of which is presented above, includes the following elements:

• power unit. It uses storage devices C2 and C5, voltage transformer T1, as well as a comparator (comparing device) DA1 and LED VD1;
• Knot, delaying the start of the load. To assemble it you will need resistances from R1 to R5, transistors from VT1 to VT3, as well as storage C1;
• Rectifier, measuring the value of voltage surges and dips. Its design includes a VD2 LED with a zener diode of the same name, a C2 drive, a resistor R14 and R13;
• Comparator. It will require resistances from R15 to R39 and comparing devices DA2 with DA3;
• Logic type controller. It requires DD chips from 1 to 5;
• Amplifiers. They will require resistances to limit the current R40-R48, as well as transistors from VT4 to VT12;
• LEDs, playing the role of an indicator - HL from 1 to 9;
• Optocoupler switches(7) with triacs VS from 1 to 7, resistors R from 6 to 12 and optocoupler triacs U from 1 to 7;
• Auto switch with fuse QF1;
• Autotransformer T2.

How will this device work?

After the drive of the node with the pending load (C1) is connected to the network, it is still discharged. Transistor VT1 turns on, and 2 and 3 close. Through the latter, current will subsequently flow to the LEDs and optocoupler triacs. But while the transistor is closed, the diodes do not give a signal, and the triacs are still closed: there is no load. But the current is already flowing through the first resistor to the storage device, which begins to accumulate energy.

The process described above takes 3 seconds, after which the Schmitt trigger, based on transistors VT 1 and 2, is triggered, after which transistor 3 is turned on. Now the load can be considered open.

The output voltage from the third winding of the transformer on the power supply is equalized by the second diode and capacitor. Then the current is directed to R13, passes through R14. On this moment voltage is proportional to the voltage in the network. Then the current is supplied to non-inverting comparators. Immediately, the inverting comparing devices receive an already equalized current, which is supplied to resistances from 15 to 23. Then a controller is connected to process the input signals on the comparison devices.

Nuances of stabilization depending on the voltage supplied to the input

If a voltage of up to 130 Volts is introduced, then a low voltage logical level (LU) is indicated at the comparator terminals. The fourth transistor is open, and LED 1 blinks and indicates that there is a strong dip in the line. You must understand that the stabilizer is not able to produce the required voltage. Therefore, all triacs are closed and there is no load.

If the voltage at the input is 130-150 Volts, then a high LU is observed on signals 1 and A, but for other signals it is still low. The fifth transistor turns on, the second diode lights up. Optocoupler triac U1.2 and triac VS2 open. The load will go along the latter and reach the winding terminal of the second autotransformer from above.

With an input voltage of 150-170 Volts, a high LU is observed on signals 1, 2 and V; on the rest it is still low. Then the sixth transistor turns on and the third diode turns on, VS2 turns on and the current is supplied to the second (if counted from above) winding terminal of the second autotransformer.

The operation of the stabilizer is described in the same way at voltage ranges of 170-190V, 190-210V, 210-230V, 230-250V.

PCB manufacturing

For a triac current converter, you need a printed circuit board on which all the elements will be placed. Its size: 11.5 by 9 cm. To make it you will need fiberglass, covered with foil on one side.

The board can be printed on a laser printer, after which an iron will be used. It is convenient to make a board yourself using the Sprint Loyout program. A diagram of the placement of elements on it is shown below.

How to make transformers T1 and T2?

The first transformer T1 with a power of 3 kW is manufactured using a magnetic core with a cross-sectional area (CSA) of 187 sq. mm. And three wires PEV-2:

• For the first wrapping, the PPS is only 0.003 square meters. mm. Number of turns – 8669;
• For the second and third windings, the PPS is only 0.027 sq. mm. The number of turns is 522 on each.

If you don’t want to wind the wire, then you can purchase two TPK-2-2×12V transformers and connect them in series, as in the figure below.

To make an autotransformer with a second power of 6 kW, you will need a toroidal magnetic core and PEV-2 wire, from which a wrap of 455 turns will be made. And here we need bends (7 pieces):

• Wrapping 1-3 bends from wire with PPS 7 sq. mm;
• Wrapping 4-7 bends from wire with PPS 254 sq. mm.

What to buy?

Buy in an electrical and radio equipment store (designation in brackets in the diagram):

• 7 optocoupler triacs MOC3041 or 3061 (U from 1 to 7);
• 7 simple triacs BTA41-800B (VS from 1 to 7);
• 2 LEDs DF005M or KTs407A (VD 1 and 2);
• 3 resistors SP5-2, 5-3 possible (R 13, 14, 25);
• Current equalizing element KR1158EN6A or B (DA1);
• 2 comparing devices LM339N or K1401CA1 (DA 1 and 2);
• Switch with fuse;
• 4 film or ceramic capacitors (C 4, 6, 7, 8);
• 4 oxide capacitors (C 1, 2, 3, 5);
• 7 resistances to limit the current, at their terminals it should be equal to 16 mA (R from 41 to 47);
• 30 resistances (any) with a tolerance of 5%;
• 7 resistances C2-23 with a tolerance of 1% (R from 16 to 22).

Assembly features of the device for voltage equalization

The current stabilizing device microcircuit is installed on a heat sink, for which an aluminum plate is suitable. Its area should not be less than 15 square meters. cm.

A heat sink with a cooling surface is also necessary for triacs. For all 7 elements, one heat sink with an area of ​​at least 16 square meters is sufficient. dm.

In order for the AC voltage converter we manufacture to work, you will need a microcontroller. The KR1554LP5 microcircuit copes with its role perfectly.

You already know that you can find 9 flashing diodes in the circuit. All of them are located on it so that they fit into the holes that are on the front panel of the device. And if the stabilizer body does not allow their location, as in the diagram, then you can modify it so that the LEDs come out on the side that is convenient for you.

Instead of flashing LEDs, non-blinking LEDs can be used. But in this case, you need to take diodes with a bright red glow. Elements of the following brands are suitable: AL307KM and L1543SRC-E.

Now you know how to make a 220 volt voltage stabilizer. And if you have already had to do something similar before, then this work will not be difficult for you. As a result, you can save several thousand rubles on the purchase of an industrial stabilizer.

After researching sources and a number of sites on the Internet, I simplified the AC voltage stabilizer described in the article. The number of microcircuits was reduced to four, the number of optosimistor switches to six. The principle of operation of the stabilizer is the same as that of the prototype.

Main technical characteristics of the voltage stabilizer:

• Input voltage, V…..135…270
• Output voltage, V. . . .197…242
• Maximum load power, kW………………5
• Load switching or disconnection time, ms…….10

The diagram of the proposed stabilizer is shown in the figure. The device consists of a power module and a control unit. The power module contains a powerful autotransformer T2 and six AC switches, outlined in the diagram with a dash-dotted line.

The remaining parts form the control unit. It contains seven threshold devices: I - DA2.1 R5 R11 R17, II -DA2.2 R6 R12 R18, III - DA2.3 R7 R13 R19, IV - DA2.4 R8 R14 R20, V - DA3.1 R9 R15 R21 , VI - DA3.2 R10 R16 R22, VII -DA3.3 R23. At one of the outputs of the decoder DD2 there is a high level voltage, which causes the corresponding LED to turn on (one of HL1 - HL8).

The powerful autotransformer T2 is connected differently than in the prototype. The mains voltage is supplied to one of the winding taps or to the entire winding through one of the triacs VS1-VS6, and the load is connected to the same tap. With this connection, less wire is consumed on the winding of the autotransformer.

The voltage of winding II of transformer T1 is rectified by diodes VD1, VD2 and smoothed by capacitor C1. The rectified voltage is proportional to the input voltage. It is used both to power the control unit and to measure the input network voltage. For this purpose, it is fed to the divider R1-R3. From the engine, trimming resistor R2 goes to non-inverting inputs operational amplifiers DA2.1—DA2.4, DA3.1—DA3.3. These op amps are used as voltage comparators. Resistors R17-R23 create hysteresis for switching comparators.

The table below shows the limits of change in the output voltage Uout and the logical voltage levels at the outputs of operational amplifiers and the inputs of the DD2 decoder, as well as the turned on LEDs depending on the input voltage Uin without taking into account hysteresis.

The DA1 microcircuit produces a stable voltage of 12 V to power the remaining microcircuits. Zener diode VD3 produces a reference voltage of 9 V. It is supplied to the inverting input of op-amp DA3.3. It is supplied to the inverting inputs of other op-amps through dividers on resistors R5-R16.

When the mains voltage is below 135 V, the voltage on the motor of resistor R2, and therefore on the non-inverting inputs of the op-amp, is less than on the inverting ones. Therefore, the outputs of all op-amps are low. All outputs of the DD1 chip are also low. In this case, a high level appears at output O (pin 3) of decoder DD2. The HL1 LED is on, indicating that the mains voltage is too low. All optosimistors and triacs are closed. No voltage is supplied to the load.

When the network voltage is from 135 to 155 V, the voltage on the motor of resistor R2 is greater than on the inverting input of DA2.1, so its output level is high. The output of element DD1.1 is also high. In this case, a high level appears at output 1 (pin 14) of the DD2 decoder (see table). LED HL1 goes out. The HL2 LED turns on, current flows through the emitting diode of the optocoupler U6, as a result of which the optosimistor of this optocoupler opens. Through an open triac VS6, the mains voltage is supplied to the lower tap in the circuit (pin 6) relative to the beginning of the winding (pin 7) of autotransformer T2. The load voltage is 64...71 V higher than the mains voltage.

With a further increase in the network voltage, it will switch to the next output of autotransformer T2 up in the circuit. In particular, the mains voltage from 205 to 235 V is directly supplied to the load through the open triac VS2, as well as to terminals 1-7 of the autotransformer T2.

When the network voltage is from 235 to 270 V, the outputs of all op-amps, except DA3.3, are high, the current flows through the HL7 LED and the emitting diode U1.2. The network voltage is connected through an open triac VS1 to the entire winding of autotransformer T2. The load voltage is 24…28 V less than the mains voltage.

When the mains voltage is more than 270 V, the outputs of all op-amps are at a high level, and the current flows through the HL8 LED, which signals excessive high voltage networks. All optosimistors and triacs are closed. No voltage is supplied to the load.

The low-power transformer T1 is similar to that used in the prototype, except that its secondary winding contains 1400 turns tapped from the middle. Powerful autotransformer T2 - ready from the industrial stabilizer VOTO 5000 W. Having unwinded the secondary winding and part of the primary, I made new taps, counting from the beginning of the winding (pin 7): pin 6 from the 215th turn (150 V), pin 5 from the 236th turn (165 V), pin 4 from the 257th turn (180 V), pin 3 from the 286th turn (200 V), pin 2 from the 314th turn (220 V). The entire winding (pins 1-7) has 350 turns (245 V).

Fixed resistors - C2-23 and OMLT, trimming resistor R2 - C5-2VB. Capacitors C1 - SZ - K50-35, K50-20. Diodes (VD1, VD2) can be replaced with -, KD243B - KD243Zh.

The microcircuit can be replaced with domestic analogues KR1157EN12A, KR1157EN12B.

The adjustment is performed using LATR. First, switching thresholds are set. To achieve higher installation accuracy, resistors R17-R23, which create hysteresis, are not installed. The powerful autotransformer T2 is not connected. The device is connected to the network via LATR. At the output of the LATR, the voltage is set to 270 V. The slider of the trimming resistor R2 is moved from bottom to top according to the circuit until the HL8 LED turns on. Next, the voltage at the LATR output is set to 135 V. Resistor R5 is selected so that the voltage at the inverting input (pin 2) of the DA2.1 op-amp is equal to the voltage at its non-inverting input (pin 3). Then resistors R6...R10 are sequentially selected, setting switching thresholds of 155 V, 170 V, 185 V, 205 V, 235 V, checking the logical levels with the table. After this, resistors R17-R23 are installed. If necessary, select their resistances by setting the required width of the hysteresis loop. The greater the resistance, the smaller the loop width. Having set the switching thresholds, connect a powerful autotransformer T2, and to it a load, for example, an incandescent lamp with a power of 100...200 W. Check the switching thresholds and measure the voltage across the load. After adjustment, LEDs HL2-HL7 can be removed by replacing them with jumpers.

LITERATURE:

1. Godin A. AC voltage stabilizer. - Radio, 2005, No. 8.
2. Ozolin M. Improved control unit for alternating voltage stabilizer. - Radio, 2006, No. 7.