Rules for working with a computer. Rules for safe communication with a computer Rules for communicating with a computer

Marina Stepanova

- Head of the Department of Hygiene of Training and Education, Research Institute of Hygiene and Health Protection of Children and Adolescents, Scientific Center for Children's Health of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Candidate of Medical Sciences, Moscow

RULES FOR SAFE COMMUNICATION WITH A COMPUTER

Modern life cannot be imagined without computers. The advantages of computer training are undoubted, and the need for those who will live in this century to master computer literacy is obvious.

However, computerization of children’s education and leisure activities also has a number of negative aspects which may have adverse effects on health. Working, studying or playing on a computer involves the impact on the user, whether he is a child or an adult, of a whole range of factors. The first thing doctors noticed was the increase in visual load among those working behind a display. Domestic and foreign studies, which have a fairly long history, show that more than 90% of computer users complain of burning or pain in the eye area, a feeling of sand under the eyelids, blurred vision, etc. A complex of these and a number of other characteristic ailments has recently become called "computer vision syndrome". The maximum permissible level of visual load largely depends on the age of the user, the state of his vision, as well as the intensity of work with the monitor and the organization of the workplace. Now, with a great deal of confidence, we can say that long-term work with a computer does not cause any organic eye diseases. At the same time, there is every reason to assert that as a result of such work there is a very high risk of the appearance (or progression of existing) myopia.

There is still an opinion that working on a computer is similar to watching television. However, it is not. Studies have shown that viewing information at a fairly close distance from a glowing screen is more tiring than reading books or watching television. Human vision is absolutely not adapted to a computer screen; we are accustomed to seeing colors and objects in reflected light, which was developed in the process of evolution. The screen image is self-luminous, has significantly lower contrast, and consists of discrete points - pixels. Eye fatigue, in addition, causes screen flickering, glare, and a non-optimal combination of colors in the field of view. This is also confirmed by data on the greater tediousness of children’s activities using computers compared to traditional ones.

Now that not only schoolchildren, but also 5-6-year-old children, whose process of forming a visual analyzer is not completed, is becoming computer users, it is even more important that learning using a computer corresponds to the age capabilities of all categories of users. This fully applies to the computer itself. In combination with the workplace, it must meet all safety requirements.

Meanwhile, the computers that our educational institutions, including preschool ones, currently have are of very low quality. Most of them are obsolete and pose a real threat to the health of children, even if they spend 15 - 20 minutes a week on them. On the screen of this type of computer it is impossible to achieve image clarity, contrast, or stability, i.e. everything that provides optimal conditions for visual work. And, consequently, the risk of vision impairment increases. However, despite the ban by hygienists, such computers still continue to be used for children's classes.

Today Russian market offers various brands of computers from many countries around the world. We are often asked questions about which computers and protective filters are better and safer. The answer to this can only be given by the results of special tests, because computers of the same brand, but manufactured or assembled in different countries, may differ in their level of security.

In accordance with the requirements of modern sanitary legislation, only those computers that have a sanitary-epidemiological conclusion (certificate) about their compliance with sanitary rules are allowed for operation. This requirement applies not only to newly purchased computers, but also to those that are in operation. The main standardized parameters that are determined during the examination include: contrast, brightness unevenness, the ratio of the width of the sign to its height for capital letters, the size of the minimum display element for a monochrome display, deviation offsets, temporal and spatial instability of the image, reflectivity. Computer equipment that is used for children’s activities should have standardized indicator values in the optimal range, i.e. experts place increased demands on it.

Special long-term studies have made it possible to determine the optimal duration of continuous classes for children of different ages. So, for children 5-6 years old this time is 10-15 minutes. Functionality preschoolers are still very young, so even after such short lessons they show signs of visual and general fatigue. Manifestations of fatigue when working on a computer have their own characteristics: the discrepancy between subjective and objective assessments of the state of the body and the individual nature of the manifestation of fatigue. We attach great importance external signs fatigue. In preschool children, it can manifest itself in bowing their heads to the side, leaning on the back of a chair, lifting their legs with emphasis on the edge of the table, frequent distractions, conversations, switching attention to other objects, etc.

It is known that the capabilities of children of the same age can vary significantly. The tediousness of classes largely depends on their content, communication skills, the child’s enthusiasm, his well-being, etc. Passion and a positive attitude contribute to increased efficiency and delay fatigue. But our observations have shown that often children, especially preschoolers, cannot objectively assess their well-being. For example, during our research, only 20% of children noted fatigue after working with a computer, while objectively there were much more such children. You should approach the issue of computer classes for preschoolers with neurotic disorders, convulsive reactions, and visual impairments with caution, since the computer can increase all these health deviations. According to ophthalmologists, children with initial (up to 2.0 diopters) myopia, as a rule, do not need glasses for classes.

Communication with a computer is very attractive for a child. Children's craving for this “smart toy” has already become a topic for jokes. When asked by the judge during the divorce proceedings: “Who would you like to live with - mom or dad?”, the child answers: “It depends on who gets the computer!”

Sitting spellbound at a computer for a long time can lead to overstrain of the nervous system, sleep disturbance, deterioration of well-being, and eye fatigue. There is no doubt that fatigue largely depends not only on the duration of classes, but also on their nature. Oddly enough, the most tiresome for children are arcade or paramilitary action-packed games, called “shooters”, “catch-up games”, “killer games” and “adventure games”. There is a powerful manufacturing industry in the world today computer games. A huge number of companies are fighting among themselves for a place in the sun, creating beautiful and exciting, cunning and intricate, aggressive and bloodthirsty toys for boys and girls. Children are happy to give them their time. But their psyche is unstable, so excessive passion for computer games can cause serious consequences - increased excitability develops, the child becomes capricious, and ceases to be interested in anything other than the computer.

Unlike adults, who perceive these games as harmless entertainment that allows them to forget about life’s problems, children, rather, look for them as a source of increased risk and self-test. They give them the opportunity to feel like participants in acute conflicts. Many children are obsessed with the desire to defeat the computer. However, psychologists warn about the “narcotic”, addictive influence of such games, and about the possibility of a child’s aggressive and ruthless behavior under their influence. In Japan and England, doctors identified a new type of disease - video game epilepsy syndrome - in several children who were overly involved in computer games from early childhood. This condition is manifested by headaches, prolonged spasms of the facial muscles, and visual impairment. The syndrome, although it does not lead to a decline in the child’s mental abilities, does contribute to the formation of negative character traits typical of epilepsy, such as suspicion, suspiciousness, hostile-aggressive attitude towards loved ones, impulsiveness, and irascibility. From all that has been said, it follows that it is necessary to strictly measure the time of computer classes and monitor their content.

Proper organization of the workplace is very important. Despite the fact that the screen is illuminated, classes should not take place in a dark room, but in a well-lit room. Workstations with computers in relation to the light openings should be located so that natural light falls from the side, mainly from the left.

It should be noted that the most optimal orientation of computer and gaming systems is to the northern directions of the horizon. The main thing here is the exclusion of direct sunlight, which contributes to more uniform lighting of the room. This allows you to solve the problem of illumination and glare of display screens, as well as overheating of the room. However, it is known that orientation to the north does not reduce the need for light control, since the brightness of a cloudy sky is inferior to the brightness of a clear sky.

Window openings in rooms where computers are used must be equipped with light-controlled devices such as blinds, curtains, external canopies. It is better to make curtains from a plain dense fabric that harmonizes with the color of the walls. Their width should be twice the width of the window. Interior decoration has a great influence on lighting conditions. Due to the reflected component, lighting in certain areas of the room can be increased by up to 20%.

As sources of general artificial lighting, it is better to use lighting devices that create uniform illumination by diffused or reflected light (the light falls on the ceiling, thereby eliminating glare on the monitor screen and keyboard).

For indoor lighting should be used primarily fluorescent lamps. They are arranged in the form of solid or broken lines lamps located on the side of the workstations, parallel to the line of video monitors. When computers are located perimeterally, lines of lamps are placed locally above the workstation, closer to the front edge facing the user. Lamps without diffusers and shielding grilles should not be used.

I would like to note that there are special fluorescent lamps, for example from Vitalight R, which emit light various quality, simulating the full spectrum of natural sunlight. These lamps are less irritating than other artificial light lamps. It is allowed to use incandescent lamps in local lighting fixtures.

The most favorable indicators of visual performance are observed when the illumination of the workplace is 400 lux, and the display screen is 300 lux. To ensure standardized illumination values, the glass of window frames and lamps should be cleaned at least twice a year and burnt-out lamps should be replaced in a timely manner.

Proper organization of lighting can increase labor productivity for visual work of average difficulty by 5-6%, and for very difficult work - by 15%.

It is necessary to ensure that the image on the screen is clear, contrasty, and free of glare and reflections from nearby objects. To create optimal conditions for visual work, preference should be given to a positive image on the screen: black characters on a white background.

A successful workplace location is when the computer user has the opportunity to look over long distances - this is one of the most effective ways unloading the visual system during work. You should avoid placing your workstation in the corners of the room or facing the wall (the distance from the computer to the wall should be at least 1 m), with the screen facing the window, and also facing the window, since the light from the window is an undesirable strain on the eyes while working on the computer . If the computer is still located in the corner of the room, or the room has very limited space, American specialists It is recommended to install a large mirror on the table. With its help, it is easy to see the farthest objects in the room located behind your back.

The distance from the eyes to the computer screen should be at least 50 cm. One child should be working at the computer at a time, since the conditions for viewing the image on the screen sharply worsen for those sitting on the side. The table and chair (necessarily with a back) must correspond to the height of the child. You should not slouch, sit on the edge of a chair, cross your legs, or cross your feet. The posture of a person working at a computer should be as follows: the body is straightened, the natural curves of the spine and the angle of the pelvis are preserved. The head is tilted slightly forward. Eye level is 15-20 cm above the center of the screen. It is necessary to exclude strong bends of the body, turns of the head and extreme positions of the joints of the limbs. The angle formed by the forearm and shoulder, as well as the lower leg and thigh, must be at least 90. The vertically straight position allows you to breathe deeply, freely and regularly, without additional pressure on the lungs, sternum or diaphragm. Correct posture ensures maximum blood flow to all parts of the body. If you have a high table and chair, you must take care of a height-adjustable footrest.

In rooms where computers are used, specific environmental conditions are formed. Irregular ventilation and lack of air conditioning systems lead to a significant deterioration in air quality and microclimate parameters. According to the state sanitary and epidemiological surveillance centers, where the microclimate of school computer science classrooms was analyzed, it was shown that in all seasons of the year the air temperature in 70% of cases exceeded the optimal levels and amounted to 22-23? C. When computer science classrooms are oriented to the south, the air temperature in the spring increases sharply, reaching 25? C. Relative air humidity in 60% of cases was at the lower limit of normal (30%).

Significant dry air is a significant drawback of rooms in which computers are located. At low humidity levels, there is a high risk of accumulation in the air of microparticles with a high electrostatic charge that can adsorb dust particles with allergenic properties. In addition, there is a danger of air pollution from emissions from polymer, synthetic and paint materials that are used for interior decoration. Often the floors are covered with linoleum or fleece, the walls are painted oil paint, the furniture is finished with polymer materials. This leads to additional pollution of the indoor air with harmful chemicals, especially at elevated air temperatures and changes in humidity caused by the operation of computers. Often, by the end of classes, the concentration of carbon dioxide is twice the maximum permissible level, and the amount of non-toxic dust increases two to four times above the permissible level.

Another, no less serious problem is ensuring the electromagnetic safety of children involved in a computer gaming complex. A running computer creates a field around itself with a wide frequency spectrum, which is represented by:

- electrostatic field;

- alternating low-frequency electric field;

- alternating low-frequency magnetic field.

Potentially harmful factors may also include:

- X-ray and ultraviolet radiation from a cathode ray tube of a computer display;

- electromagnetic radiation of the radio frequency range;

- electromagnetic background (electromagnetic fields created by extraneous sources in the child’s workplace).

X-ray and ultraviolet radiation from video display terminal screens can only be considered potentially harmful factors. The fact is that the screens of modern displays are made of glass, which is opaque to x-rays generated in the tube, and ultraviolet radiation is not detected during testing even in the oldest display models. RF emissions from electronic components computer equipment also below the maximum permissible levels regulated by sanitary standards.

An electrostatic field occurs due to the presence of an electrical potential on the display screen. This creates a potential difference between the display screen and the user. The presence of an electrostatic field in the space around the computer causes dust from the air to settle on the keyboard and display screen. However, as experience shows, in practice it is not always possible to ensure a normal electromagnetic environment in a computer and gaming complex. With a general incorrect layout of the room, non-optimal wiring of the power supply network and the design of the grounding loop, the room’s own electromagnetic background may turn out to be so strong that it is not possible to ensure the requirements of the Sanitary Rules at the workplaces of PC users, even with any tricks in the organization of the workplace itself and under no circumstances, even ultra-modern and environmentally friendly secure computers. Moreover, the computers themselves, placed in strong electromagnetic fields, become unstable in operation, the effect of image shaking on the monitor screen appears, and their ergonomic characteristics significantly deteriorate. Experts advise taking the following into account:

1. The room where computers are operated must be removed from outside sources electromagnetic radiation(electrical panels, transformers, power cables with powerful electrical consumers, radio transmitting devices, etc.).

2. If there are metal bars on the windows of the room, they must be grounded. Experience shows that non-compliance of this rule can lead to a sharp local increase in field levels at any point in the room and computer malfunctions.

3. It is advisable to place computer and gaming complexes, characterized by significant crowding of computer and other office equipment, on the lower floors of the building. Due to the minimum value of grounding resistance, it is on the lower floors of buildings that the general electromagnetic background in workplaces with computer equipment is significantly reduced.

The study of the possible consequences of exposure to electromagnetic radiation on the human body has just begun, however, there is already quite a lot of convincing evidence from both domestic and foreign authors about their danger to health. Each workplace creates an electromagnetic field, the radius of which can be 1.5 m or more, and the radiation comes not only from the screen, but also from the back and side walls of the monitor. Computers recent years releases, as a rule, have a built-in system to protect the user from radiation. This is indicated by a special marking - LR (Low Radiation - low radiation). However, only special measurements can provide real guarantees.

As already mentioned, most children's educational institutions use outdated technology, which is not able to provide not only optimal conditions for visual work, but is also generally characterized by much higher levels of electromagnetic fields and electrostatic potential of the display screen. Studies have shown that radiation levels in such computer and gaming complexes and classrooms exceed the standards from two to twenty times. Often, elevated radiation levels are associated with poor grounding.

It is very important to place workplaces hygienically. Whatever the arrangement of computers - perimeter, row, or central, workstations with computers should be placed so that the distance between the side walls of the display of adjacent monitors is at least 1.2 m, and the distance between the front surface of the monitor towards the rear of the adjacent monitor is at least 1.2 m. at least 2 m. This layout of workplaces helps protect the user from electromagnetic radiation from neighboring computers.

Protecting someone working at a computer can be done using a special filter. However, most filters that are used in educational institutions are, at best, capable of improving the conditions of visual work at a computer and practically do not solve the problem of reducing electromagnetic radiation. Since the cost of a filter that will provide reliable protection is comparable to the cost of a modern monitor, it is more economical to buy not a filter, but a more modern display.

Regulations on the duration of classes, recommendations for the prevention of fatigue, requirements for the arrangement of computer classes, along with other standards, were included in Sanitary Norms and Rules (SanPiN) 2.2.2.542-96 “Hygienic requirements for terminals, personal electronic computers and organization of work.” Compliance with the requirements set out in this document will create a safe and comfortable working environment for children and adults. Getting to know them will be useful for everyone who professionally works with computers, including teachers and methodologists of preschool educational institutions. For them, the document will be a good help in matters of hygienically competent organization of activities with children and protecting their own health.

To relieve static and neuro-emotional tension, you can use ordinary physical exercises, mainly for the upper body (arm jerks, turns, “chopping wood,” etc.), and playing in the fresh air. To relieve eye strain, visual gymnastics is recommended. Even with a short duration (1 minute), but carried out regularly, it is an effective measure for preventing fatigue. The effectiveness of visual gymnastics is explained by the fact that when performing special exercises, periodic switching of vision from a near object to a distant one is ensured, tension is relieved from the ciliary muscle of the eye, and the recovery processes of the accommodative apparatus of the eye are activated, as a result of which vision function is normalized. In addition, there is a special exercise (with a mark on the glass) designed to train and develop the accommodative function of the eye.

Visual gymnastics is carried out in the middle of a lesson with a computer (after 5 minutes of work for five-year-olds and after 7-8 minutes for six-year-olds), as well as in its final part or after the entire developmental lesson using a computer.

The duration of visual gymnastics, both during and after class, is 1 minute. The teacher selects one exercise to perform during computer classes and one or two exercises to perform gymnastics after the final part of the lesson. After 2-4 sessions, it is recommended to change the exercises.

VISUAL GYMNASTICS WHILE WORKING ON A COMPUTER

(Developed by specialists from the Institute of Age Physiology of the Russian Academy of Education)

Visual cue exercise #1

In a computer gaming complex, bright visual marks are pre-hung high on the walls, corners, and in the center of the wall. They can be toys or colorful pictures (4-6 tags). It is advisable to select toys (pictures) so that they form a single game plot. And change them from time to time. For example, a car (or a butterfly) is placed in the center of the wall. In the corners under the ceiling there are colored garages. Children are invited to follow with their eyes the car's passage to the garage or repair site. A butterfly can fly from flower to flower.

Exercise technique:

1. Get children out of work. The exercise is carried out at the workplace.

2. Explain to the children what they must do: at the teacher’s command, without turning their heads, with one glance of the eyes, follow the movement of the car into the blue garage, then into the green one, etc. It is very important to emphasize that children do not turn their heads.

3. The teacher suggests moving the gaze from one mark to another at the count of 1-4.

4. It is advisable to show children what object they need to focus on each time. You can direct the child’s gaze sequentially to each mark, or you can do it in random order.

5. The speed of gaze shifting should not be fast. You need to move your gaze so slowly that during the entire exercise there are no more than twelve eye fixations.

6. The duration of the exercise is 1 minute.

7. The teacher must ensure that children do not turn their heads during the exercise.

Exercise with visual cues and head rotations No. 2

Performed in the same way as the previous one, but with head turns.

The game object can be a Christmas tree that needs to be decorated. Children should look for the toys and animals needed for this purpose throughout the computer room.

Method of performing the exercise:

1. The teacher asks the children to rise from their work places and stand near the chair, facing it.

2. The task is explained: “Here is a Christmas tree (it stands on the table or a large image of it hangs on the wall), it needs to be decorated.”

3. The teacher asks you to comply with the following conditions: “Stand straight, without moving your legs, turning only your head, find toys in the computer room that could be used to decorate the Christmas tree, and name them.”

4. The pace of the exercise is arbitrary.

5. Duration - 1 minute.

Our children will have to live in a computerized society, so they need to be taught not only the basics of computer literacy, but the rules of safe communication with it. The teacher’s task is to cultivate the useful habit of alternating work at the computer with simple exercises aimed at relieving fatigue and preventing myopia.

RULES FOR SAFE COMMUNICATION WITH A COMPUTER

Modern life cannot be imagined without computers. The advantages of computer training are undoubted, and the need for those who will live in this century to master computer literacy is obvious.

However, computerization of education and leisure activities for children also has a number of negative aspects that can have an adverse effect on health. Working, studying or playing on a computer involves the impact on the user, whether he is a child or an adult, of a whole range of factors. The first thing doctors noticed was the increase in visual load among those working behind a display. Domestic and foreign studies, which have a fairly long history, show that more than 90% of computer users complain of burning or pain in the eye area, a feeling of sand under the eyelids, blurred vision, etc. A complex of these and a number of other characteristic ailments has recently become called "computer vision syndrome". The maximum permissible level of visual load largely depends on the age of the user, the state of his vision, as well as the intensity of work with the monitor and the organization of the workplace. Now, with a great deal of confidence, we can say that long-term work with a computer does not cause any organic eye diseases. At the same time, there is every reason to assert that as a result of such work there is a very high risk of the appearance (or progression of existing) myopia.

Special long-term studies have made it possible to determine the optimal duration of continuous classes for children of different ages. So, for children 5-6 years old this time is 10-15 minutes. The functional capabilities of preschoolers are still very small, so even after such short lessons they show signs of visual and general fatigue. Manifestations of fatigue when working on a computer have their own characteristics: the discrepancy between subjective and objective assessments of the state of the body and the individual nature of the manifestation of fatigue. We attach great importance to external signs of fatigue. In preschool children, it can manifest itself in bowing their heads to the side, leaning on the back of a chair, lifting their legs with emphasis on the edge of the table, frequent distractions, conversations, switching attention to other objects, etc.

Communication with a computer is very attractive for a child. Children's craving for this “smart toy” has already become a topic for jokes. When asked by the judge during the divorce proceedings: “Who would you like to live with - mom or dad?”, the child answers: “It depends on who gets the computer!”

Sitting spellbound at a computer for a long time can lead to overstrain of the nervous system, sleep disturbance, deterioration of well-being, and eye fatigue. There is no doubt that fatigue largely depends not only on the duration of classes, but also on their nature. Oddly enough, the most tiresome for children are arcade or paramilitary action-packed games, called “shooters”, “catch-up games”, “killer games” and “adventure games”. There is a powerful computer games industry in the world today. A huge number of companies are fighting among themselves for a place in the sun, creating beautiful and exciting, cunning and intricate, aggressive and bloodthirsty toys for boys and girls. Children are happy to give them their time. But their psyche is unstable, so excessive passion for computer games can cause serious consequences - increased excitability develops, the child becomes capricious, and ceases to be interested in anything other than the computer.

Very important proper organization of the workplace. Despite the fact that the screen is illuminated, classes should not take place in a dark room, but in a well-lit room. Workstations with computers in relation to the light openings should be located so that natural light falls from the side, mainly from the left.

As sources of general artificial lighting, it is better to use lighting devices that create uniform illumination by diffused or reflected light (the light falls on the ceiling, thereby eliminating glare on the monitor screen and keyboard).

To illuminate rooms, predominantly fluorescent lamps should be used. They are located in the form of continuous or broken lines of lamps located on the side of the workstations, parallel to the line of video monitors. When computers are located perimeterally, lines of lamps are placed locally above the workstation, closer to the front edge facing the user. Lamps without diffusers and shielding grilles should not be used.

I would like to note that there are special fluorescent lamps, for example from Vitalight R, which emit light of various qualities, simulating the full spectrum of natural sunlight. These lamps are less irritating than other artificial light lamps. It is allowed to use incandescent lamps in local lighting fixtures.

Proper organization of lighting can increase labor productivity for visual work of average difficulty by 5-6%, and for very difficult work - by 15%.

It is necessary to ensure that the image on the screen is clear, contrasty, and free of glare and reflections from nearby objects. To create optimal conditions for visual work, preference should be given to a positive image on the screen: black characters on a white background.

The location of the workplace is successful when the computer user has the opportunity to look at long distances - this is one of the most effective ways to relieve the visual system while working. You should avoid placing your workstation in the corners of the room or facing the wall (the distance from the computer to the wall should be at least 1 m), with the screen facing the window, and also facing the window, since the light from the window is an undesirable strain on the eyes while working on the computer . If the computer is still placed in the corner of the room, or the room has very limited space, American experts advise installing a large mirror on the table. With its help, it is easy to see the farthest objects in the room located behind your back.

The distance from the eyes to the computer screen should be at least 50 cm. One child should be working at the computer at a time, since the conditions for viewing the image on the screen sharply worsen for those sitting on the side. The table and chair (necessarily with a back) must correspond to the height of the child. You should not slouch, sit on the edge of a chair, cross your legs, or cross your feet. The posture of a person working at a computer should be as follows: the body is straightened, the natural curves of the spine and the angle of the pelvis are preserved. The head is tilted slightly forward. Eye level is one cm above the center of the screen. It is necessary to exclude strong bends of the body, turns of the head and extreme positions of the joints of the limbs. The angle formed by the forearm and shoulder, as well as the lower leg and thigh, must be at least 90. The vertically straight position allows you to breathe deeply, freely and regularly, without additional pressure on the lungs, sternum or diaphragm. Correct posture ensures maximum blood flow to all parts of the body. If you have a high table and chair, you must take care of a height-adjustable footrest.

Significant dry air is a significant drawback of rooms in which computers are located. At low humidity levels, there is a high risk of accumulation in the air of microparticles with a high electrostatic charge that can adsorb dust particles with allergenic properties. In addition, there is a danger of air pollution from emissions from polymer, synthetic and paint materials that are used for interior decoration. Often the floors are covered with linoleum or fleece, the walls are painted with oil paint, and the furniture is finished with polymer materials. This leads to additional pollution of the indoor air with harmful chemicals, especially at elevated air temperatures and changes in humidity caused by the operation of computers. Often, by the end of classes, the concentration of carbon dioxide is twice the maximum permissible level, and the amount of non-toxic dust increases two to four times above the permissible level.

Another, no less serious problem is ensuring the electromagnetic safety of children involved in a computer gaming complex. A running computer creates a field around itself with a wide frequency spectrum, which is represented by:

Electrostatic field;

Alternating low-frequency electric field;

Alternating low frequency magnetic field.

Potentially harmful factors may also include:

X-ray and ultraviolet radiation from cathode ray tube computer display;

Electromagnetic radiation in the radio frequency range;

Electromagnetic background (electromagnetic fields created by extraneous sources in the child’s workplace).

X-ray and ultraviolet radiation from video display terminal screens can only be considered potentially harmful factors. The fact is that the screens of modern displays are made of glass, which is opaque to x-rays generated in the tube, and ultraviolet radiation is not detected during testing even in the oldest display models. Radio frequency emissions from electronic components of computer equipment are also below the maximum permissible levels regulated by sanitary standards.

An electrostatic field occurs due to the presence of an electrical potential on the display screen. This creates a potential difference between the display screen and the user. The presence of an electrostatic field in the space around the computer causes dust from the air to settle on the keyboard and display screen. However, as experience shows, in practice it is not always possible to ensure a normal electromagnetic environment in a computer and gaming complex. With a general incorrect layout of the room, non-optimal wiring of the power supply network and the design of the grounding loop, the room’s own electromagnetic background may turn out to be so strong that it is not possible to ensure the requirements of the Sanitary Rules at the workplaces of PC users, even with any tricks in the organization of the workplace itself and under no circumstances, even ultra-modern and environmentally friendly computers. Moreover, the computers themselves, placed in strong electromagnetic fields, become unstable in operation, the effect of image shaking on the monitor screen appears, and their ergonomic characteristics significantly deteriorate. Experts advise taking the following into account:

1. The room where computers are operated must be removed from extraneous sources of electromagnetic radiation (electrical panels, transformers, power cables with powerful electrical consumers, radio transmitting devices, etc.).

2. If there are metal bars on the windows of the room, they must be grounded. Experience shows that failure to comply with this rule can lead to a sharp local increase in the field level at any point in the room and computer malfunctions.

3. It is advisable to place computer and gaming complexes, characterized by significant crowding of computer and other office equipment, on the lower floors of the building. Due to the minimum value of grounding resistance, it is on the lower floors of buildings that the general electromagnetic background in workplaces with computer equipment is significantly reduced.

The study of the possible consequences of exposure to electromagnetic radiation on the human body has just begun, however, there is already quite a lot of convincing evidence from both domestic and foreign authors about their danger to health. Each workplace creates an electromagnetic field, the radius of which can be 1.5 m or more, and the radiation comes not only from the screen, but also from the back and side walls of the monitor. Computers of recent years, as a rule, have a built-in system for protecting the user from radiation. This is indicated by a special marking - LR (Low Radiation - low radiation). However, only special measurements can provide real guarantees.

Visual gymnastics is carried out in the middle of a lesson with a computer (after 5 minutes of work for five-year-olds and after 7-8 minutes for six-year-olds), as well as in its final part or after the entire developmental lesson using a computer.

The duration of visual gymnastics, both during and after class, is 1 minute. The teacher selects one exercise to perform during computer classes and one or two exercises to perform gymnastics after the final part of the lesson. After 2-4 sessions, it is recommended to change the exercises.

VISUAL GYMNASTICS WHILE WORKING ON A COMPUTER

(Developed by specialists from the Institute of Age Physiology of the Russian Academy of Education)

Exercise with visual cues N 1

Exercise technique:

1. Get children out of work. The exercise is carried out at the workplace.

2. Explain to the children what they must do: at the teacher’s command, without turning their heads, with one glance of the eyes, follow the movement of the car into the blue garage, then into the green one, etc. It is very important to emphasize that the children do not turn their heads.

3. The teacher suggests moving the gaze from one mark to another at the count of 1-4.

4. It is advisable to show children what object they need to focus on each time. You can direct the child’s gaze sequentially to each mark, or you can do it in random order.

5. The speed of gaze shifting should not be fast. You need to move your gaze so slowly that during the entire exercise there are no more than twelve eye fixations.

6. The duration of the exercise is 1 minute.

7. The teacher must ensure that children do not turn their heads during the exercise.

Exercise with visual cues and head turns N 2

Performed in the same way as the previous one, but with head turns.

The game object can be a Christmas tree that needs to be decorated. Children should look for the toys and animals needed for this purpose throughout the computer room.

Method of performing the exercise:

1. The teacher asks the children to rise from their work places and stand near the chair, facing it.

2. The task is explained: “Here is a Christmas tree (it stands on the table or a large image of it hangs on the wall), it needs to be decorated.”

3. The teacher asks you to comply with the following conditions: “Stand straight, without moving your legs, turning only your head, find toys in the computer room that could be used to decorate the Christmas tree, and name them.”

4. The pace of the exercise is arbitrary.

5. Duration - 1 minute.

Our children will have to live in a computerized society, so they need to be taught not only the basics of computer literacy, but the rules of safe communication with it. The teacher’s task is to develop the useful habit of alternating work at the computer with simple exercises aimed at relieving fatigue and preventing myopia.

Not so long ago, literally 10 years ago, such a widespread problem as curvature of the spine or total deterioration of vision simply did not exist.

Today, such health problems are quite popular, and the doctor immediately asks the question: “do you sit at the computer a lot?”

Memo for a child

Children sit at the computer much longer than adults, and it is the children's body that is less resistant to this kind of stress.

You can, of course, let this problem go by itself, but do you need to take your child for months for a paid massage or give him laser vision correction?

So, first of all, it is necessary to limit the time your child plays on the computer.

The most correct option would be not to put him there at all, but what to do if the child really wants to play.

This doesn’t mean that you can’t show him cartoons while he lies on the couch and watches them, no, we’re talking about games.

The most correct location in a “student’s corner” situation is to install the computer in the corner of the room; we install the computer itself with its back side to the wall.

We select furniture to suit the child’s height; there is no need for him to reach up or lean down. We put a stand under the feet; if the child can easily reach the floor, then this is not necessary.

The monitor should be located at least half a meter from the child, but the further away the monitor is, the better it is for his eyes.

Also, create ideal lighting in your child’s room so that working on the computer does not damage his vision when he sits in the dark.

And, perhaps, the most important advice is to control the child.

Make him keep his back straight, constantly monitor his posture, teach your child to watch his back independently.

As for vision, you should literally force the child to do various eye exercises every 20-30 minutes, which we will talk about later, make sure to follow these exercises.

Office work on a computer

Neck problems, eye fatigue, curvature of the spine, constant pain in the back and joints - this is not a complete list of complaints from those people who constantly work in the office.

Indeed, working in an office is a rather serious blow to the body, a person moves little, sits in uncomfortable positions for 8 hours a day, and in the end all this turns into such a bunch of problems that a person spends his entire salary on expensive eye medications or paid medical massage.

Tip 1: Sit in the right chair.

Even if you buy a luxurious leather chair that is two meters high, nothing will improve your health.

The chair should be right for you, you need to choose an armchair or chair according to your height, and for health, whether a two-meter throne or a flimsy stool makes no difference.

It is ideal to purchase a chair in which the backrest is perfectly adjustable, the length of the seat corresponds to the length of the hips, and the seat itself is made of orthopedic material.

Tip 2: Position your computer correctly.

The rules for working at a computer, as in the case of children, oblige us to remove the monitor half a meter from our eyes (just extend your arms and move the monitor to this distance), while working, your stomach should rest against the table (so that there are no deviations), so it is important so that all the furniture also suits your height.

It is important not only the distance from the eyes to the monitor, but also the height: looking at the monitor from top to bottom is harmful, but also from bottom to top. Position the monitor so that it is slightly below the level of your forehead.

Light is also important: it should fall at a perpendicular angle and should not create glare on the screen - this will interfere with your comfortable work.

Tip 3 – do a proper warm-up.

If you sit motionless for 8 hours, then problems will begin as soon as you get up from the table, so it is extremely important to do a little warm-up: both for the eyes and for the back.

The easiest way to warm up your eyes is to close your eyes or blink quickly; 5 minutes of this warm-up will not only relieve eye fatigue, but also allow them to rest.

As for your back, stretching to your full height, bending and twisting will save your back from spinal curvature.

It is also extremely important to drink fluids while working, as the spinal discs need frequent replenishment with water.

We worked for an hour - we got up, walked a little, went to the cooler, did a little warm-up along the way, and all the rested muscles were ready to work at the computer again.

Tip 4 – pay attention to minor details.

There are a number of ways to improve your work experience. For example, if your goal is to constantly work with the keyboard, then purchase a stand; it will allow you to work much more conveniently.

If you often grab folders, then move them from the lower drawers to the upper ones in order to reduce the level of stress on the spine.

Don’t hit the keyboard hard with your fingers, but press lightly, plus, work on the keyboard not only with your hand, but with your whole bottom– this will make the work easier and reduce the load.

Proper computer work at home

It would seem that working on a PC at home is much easier, sit down more comfortably, and work.

However, a person, having taken a comfortable position, often does not know that it is very harmful to health, and besides, a number of details add to this very damage.

Therefore, no one has canceled the rules of working at the computer at home!

Don't work while lying down. This is as damaging to your eyesight as working at a computer in the dark.
Position your feet correctly. Crossing your legs or stretching them is wrong. The ideal positioning of the feet occurs when they are placed together and firmly on the floor, in this aspect you need to buy either a good stand or a chair with adjustable height.
Working on the couch. When you work at a laptop while sitting on the sofa, you should press yourself tightly against the back of the sofa; you cannot place your spine in a free state, so you will not even notice that you are soon sitting, curled into a question mark. Throw a pillow under your back and you can continue to work calmly.
Correct hand placement. Your hands should be positioned above the keyboard, not parallel to it. You yourself have often noticed how your hands get terribly tired; it’s all about the correct positioning.
Work only with LCD monitors. CRT monitors They damage your vision extremely quickly, so even if you have such a monitor at work, it’s better to buy an LCD, fortunately they are very common now, and they are not very expensive.

It is also extremely important to seek additional eye protection measures. If you wear glasses, then buy special lenses, they will reduce the strain on your eyes, you can additionally buy drops to nourish your eyes, consult an ophthalmologist about the right choice.

The above tips will save you from problems with your back, neck, joints and eyesight; be sure to follow these steps, only then will you be able to work at the computer for a long time without harm to your health.

Rules for safe communication between children and computers.

The computer has firmly entered the social and personal life of people, as well as children, starting from a very early age. Of course, it provides enormous opportunities for finding the information you need. However, prolonged contact with a computer has a number of factors that can have an adverse effect on the health of children.

The first is an increase in visual load, the so-called “computer vision syndrome”. It is characterized by symptoms such as burning and pain in the eye area, a feeling of “sand” under the eyelids, blurred vision...

Secondly, under certain conditions, working on a computer becomes stressful, since at this moment the child is required to quickly respond and concentrate nervous processes. The statistical pose itself is also very tiring for children. Under its influence, disorders of posture and other body functions can occur. Working with a mouse is even more difficult for children, since their fine hand-eye coordination has not yet developed.

At 5-6 years old, children enter a critical period of their development, when the maturation of the main physiological systems (central nervous system, cardiovascular, visual, motor) is activated, and children become vulnerable to the effects of unfavorable environmental factors. And its impact is multifactorial:

When a computer is operating, electromagnetic, thermal, ionizing radiation, and noise occur;

The quality of the environment changes, namely, the air temperature increases, its dryness increases, and electrostatic charges arise on surrounding objects;

The video terminal has sharp brightness, contrast, ripple and glare on the screen.

Therefore, it is important for parents to know a number of rules, the observance of which will allow the child to maintain his health. Here are some of them:

The child must be taught to sit correctly: his line of sight should be perpendicular to the screen and in the center of the monitor, the distance to the screen should not be less than 50 cm - this position ensures maximum blood flow to all parts of the body;

The child’s back must have support, and support for the legs in the form of a stand is also required;

The light on the screen should fall from the left; it is important to exclude direct sunlight;

A bluish-gray or greenish-yellow screen background is considered the most acceptable for preschoolers;

Window openings must be equipped with light-controlled devices (blinds, curtains);

It is necessary to systematically ventilate the room to prevent deterioration of its microclimate parameters (dry air, adsorption of dust particles, air pollution by emissions from polymer and synthetic materials used for finishing rooms and making furniture).

Time to interact with a computer for preschoolers is limited. So, during research it turned out that 20 min. continuous work on a computer caused unfavorable changes in the functioning of the central nervous system in 6-year-old children.Therefore, the duration of work for 6-year-old children is 15 minutes per day;for 5-year-old children 10 minutes; in a day. There are a number of diseases in whichWorking with a computer is contraindicated for children: with myopia, assigmatism, impaired field of vision and light perception.

Remember: The child can be offered only those games and computer programs, which in content and form correspond to their age.Psychologists warn about the narcotic, addictive influence of games that contain aggressive characters. They can cause a child’s ruthless behavior towards others, increased excitability, and capriciousness. Games in which ACTION predominates (a genre of computer games in which success largely depends on reaction speed and the ability to quickly make decisions) lead to the loss of inner speech. The child’s brain does not have time to process what he sees in short periods of time on the screen. The rapid change of pictures is also the reason why children’s real life seems to slow down and becomes boring for them.

Remember: After studying with the computer you need to spend time with your child gymnastics to relieve general and visual fatigue.

The effectiveness of visual gymnastics is explained by the fact that when performing special exercises, periodic switching of vision from near to far is ensured, tension in the ciliary muscle of the eye is relieved, and the processes of the accommodative apparatus of the eyes are activated. Its duration is 1 minute. To relieve statistical and neuro-emotional stress, you can use ordinary physical exercises, mainly for the upper body (arm jerks, turns, “chopping wood”...).

Visual gymnastics while working on the computer.

Exercise with visual cues.

Bright visual markers are hung high in the center of the wall and in its corners. The child should stand in front of the computer and, without turning his head, move his gaze from one mark to another at a count of 1-4. The gaze must be moved so slowly that during the entire exercise there are no more than 12 eye fixations.

Visual gymnastics after a computer lesson.

The child performs it sitting or standing, with rhythmic breathing, with maximum amplitude of eye movements. Several exercise options are recommended:

1.Close your eyes, strongly straining your eye muscles on a count of 1-4, then open your eyes, relaxing their muscles, look into the distance through the window on a count of 1-6. Repeat 4-5 times.

2. Without turning your head, look to the right and fix your gaze on the count 1-4, then look straight into the distance at the count 1-6. Exercises with fixation of gaze to the left, up and down are carried out in a similar way. Repeat 2 times.

3.Keep your head straight. Blink without straining your eye muscles for a count of 10-15.

4. Shift your gaze quickly diagonally: up to the right, down to the left, then into the distance on a count of 1-6; then left up - right down and look into the distance 1-6.

5. Close your eyes, without straining your eye muscles, on a count of 1-4, open your eyes wide and look into the distance on a count of 1-6. Repeat 2-3 times.

6. Without turning your head, slowly make circular movements with your eyes and in the opposite direction. Then look into the distance at the score 1-6. Repeat 2-3 times.

7. With your head motionless, move your gaze and fixate it on the count of 1-4 up, on the count of 1-6 straight, then in the same way down-straight, right-straight, left-straight. Make a diagonal movement in one direction and the other with your eyes moving directly to the count of 1-6.

8. Place a red mark with a diameter of 35 mm on the window glass at the child’s eye level. The child fixes his gaze on the mark for 10 seconds, moves it to a distant object outside the window for 10 seconds, then returns his gaze to the mark, etc. The exercise time is 1.5 minutes.

Children of modern parents learn to use a computer from a very early age. Is it correct? One way or another, the time a child spends at the computer must be limited. A small child should not be left without your supervision during computer games.

If you first decide to register your child in in social networks, then watch who he communicates with there, teach him to construct the “correct” phrases.

Also observe what sites he is interested in, what movies he watches and what games he plays. Play regular games together as often as possible that develop attentiveness and sensory skills. Install programs that your child needs that will teach him something necessary and good.

Keep the monitor on your computer or laptop clean, use special care wipes daily. If there is glare on it, it can negatively affect vision. With a child who certain time“sitting” at the computer, it is necessary to carry out eye gymnastics.

If your computer screen is faulty, repairs must be done promptly. It's better if