For automated collection of initial information, its processing and output of results, a set of technical means is used, which must have information, software and technical compatibility, and also be adapted to the operating conditions.
When selecting technical means, the following initial components are taken into account:
the nature and composition of the tasks to be performed;
media and volume of input and output information;
forms and methods of presenting the results obtained;
consistency and compatibility of the actions of technical means of various purposes.
Into the technological process information support includes sequentially involved stages using technical means, established classification:
means of collecting information (recorders of raw data, devices for collecting and converting information into a form convenient for remote transmission and further processing);
means of transmitting information in time and space (transmission is carried out through telephone, teletype and fax communications);
means of storing and processing information (microcomputers or computers that provide information with varying degrees of detail and in the required form for analysis and subsequent implementation);
means of issuing information (printing devices, displays, video terminals that provide output resulting information on which appropriate management decisions are made).
The main technical means of the human-machine system are computers. Modern computers have versatility, significant memory capacity and fast action during programmed data processing. They become an integral working element of commercial workers. Computer software and microprocessor support allows you to operate and manage commercial processes at different levels, and exchange information with participants in trade and economic relations.
The coefficient of use of the working time fund (taking into account the time spent on prevention and troubleshooting of technical equipment) is 0.9.

The information collection and processing system (CIS) is designed to integrate Engineering and Technical Security Systems (ITSO) systems into a single complex in order to increase the efficiency of their use and comprehensively provide information about the operation of ITSO systems to the operational duty officer, responsible officials and management. The use of SOI is especially effective at geographically dispersed facilities with several buildings or branches. In this case, SOI allows you to create a single information space security, which at any time allows you to have up-to-date information about the state of the facility’s security systems and promptly respond to events occurring in the system.

The purpose of installing a system for collecting and processing information is:

Registration of information about the operation of ITSO systems, workplaces and equipment of ITSO systems, changes in operating modes of ITSO systems;

Informing the duty service operator about the operation of ITSO systems, alarms and emergency situations;

Providing recording and recording of information about events of ITSO systems and the operation of the SOIS system in electronic digital data storage archives.

Automated monitoring of the operation of ITSO systems, verification with the required operating parameters of ITSO systems (reference) and informing the duty service operator about detected discrepancies.

A typical system for collecting and processing information at the level of subsystem organization provides:

Collection and processing of information from the security alarm system (SOTS);

Collection and processing of information from the fire alarm system (FAS); CM. Examples of application of integrated security systems

Collection and processing of information, management of the access control and management system (ACS), which includes such subsystems as the emergency exit control subsystem and electronic key safes. CM. Presentation of IP-ACS IDmatic

Collection and processing of information, as well as management of a television security and surveillance system (TSON), or a high-resolution video surveillance system;

Organization of a pass office subsystem, including a subsystem for electronic ordering of passes;

Organization of a subsystem for controlling the passage of employees and visitors;

Organization of an automatic telephone notification subsystem for employees;

Organization of a source monitoring subsystem uninterruptible power supply and control of environmental parameters in individual rooms;

Automatic integrated processing of information, management of subsystems and monitoring of compliance with work regulations for personnel and facility systems;

The SOIS receives information about the state of ITSO facilities and can respond to recorded events. If ITSO tools allow external control, then specialized SOI controllers convert digital SOI commands into the media data format. Sometimes Feedback with ITSO facilities of the object is carried out at the database level. SIS allows for partial or complete control of the functions of ITSO tools, both manually and automatically - at the script level.

The SOIS performs operations of reading or receiving information about the operation of ITSO systems via digital interface channels, processes the received data, records them in storage archives, displays the status of ITSO systems in the interfaces of the ISOI workstation programs, and, using information from the ITSO systems, identifies typical situations at the facility with subsequent notification of SOI workplaces.

To collect information and control individual functions of ITSO systems, various methods of connecting interfaces and transmitting data are used.

Distinctive feature modern systems collection and processing of information is what is in them unified system integrated production safety subsystems of various companies. At the same time, it is necessary to integrate not only modern digital equipment, but also analog systems.

Specialists of JSC MTT Control implemented a number of large projects to create systems for collecting and processing information, including at geographically dispersed facilities.SM. COMPLETED PROJECTS

System composition

A typical information collection and processing system (CIS) is built on the basis of a local area network (LAN) and includes the following equipment:

Ø server blocks for receiving and processing in real time information about the operation of ITSO systems,

Ø server blocks for controlling SOI equipment, processing information from various systems, identifying typical (standard and emergency) situations, developing a system response to the occurrence of typical situations,

Ø server blocks for storing archival information about events of ITSO systems (operational and long-term archives),

Ø Administrator's workstation for monitoring the performance, setting up and configuring the SOI,

Ø Operators' workstations for viewing SOI information in real time and in archives, operational management of the system,

Ø uninterruptible power supplies to ensure continuous operation of the system,

Ø server diagnostic units for SSOI equipment,

Ø network equipment,

Ø cable and wireless communication lines.

System functions

The information collection and processing system (IPS) provides the following functions:

1. Integration of the facility’s ITSO systems into a single complex.

1.1.Obtaining information from the following ITSO systems:

Ø fire alarm system,

Ø access control and management system,

Ø video surveillance system,

1.2. Logging (recording and storage) of information received from the facility’s ITSO systems for the required time,

1.3.Analysis of information coming from ITSO systems,

1.4.Development of a security system response in accordance with specified scenarios.

1.5.Centralized management of ACS and executive devices (setting up user access rights to premises and to keys using ACS cards, blocking local zones inside the facility when an Alarm signal is received, unblocking individual access points, unblocking escape routes in case of fire, etc.);

1.6.Transfer of control actions to the video surveillance system to configure the operation of the equipment and record video information.

1.7. Round-the-clock, continuous and automatic monitoring of ITSO systems, uninterruptible power supplies with information displayed on monitors of automated workstations (AWS) of the system,

Ø analysis and control of the correctness of current modes and settings of ITSO systems and issuance of notifications (signals) when erroneous and/or non-optimal modes and/or settings are identified;

Ø analysis and control of reactions of ITSO systems in normal situations and during incidents;

1.8.Analysis of the current state of technical equipment of ITSO systems, uninterruptible power supplies with display of information on the monitors of the automated workplace of the system,

1.10.Providing a visual graphical user interface for displaying the situation on graphic plans and the necessary information about routine and alarm events on automated workplace monitors, indicating the location, date, time and nature of the events.

1.12.Integration of security systems of geographically distributed objects into a single complex.

2.Administration and system management

2.1.Configuring all system parameters from the administrator's workstation.

2.2.Remote control of operating modes and settings of SOI equipment.

2.3.Ease of system configuration – changing operating algorithms and system configuration parameters without stopping the existing system.

2.4.Changes, modernization, replacement of versions software without changing the configured system operation algorithms;

2.5.Delimitation of access for system users (operators and administrators) to SOIS functions. Managing the permissions of SOIS users.

2.6. Logging the actions of SOIS operators and administrators during operation;

2.7. Monitoring the presence of SOIS operators and administrators at the workplace (periodic confirmation with password entry),

2.8. Documentation (logging) of all incoming information indicating the location of the event, its nature, time and date,

2.9. Recording in the archive information about all own SOIS events.

2.10.Viewing archived information, controlling the display of information using a filter system.

2.11.Preparation and printing of reports on various parameters.

2.12.Use of unified templates for preparing and viewing reports,

2.13.Exporting reports to office applications(Word, Excel).

3.Ensuring the reliability and uninterrupted operation of the SOI

3.1.Automatic monitoring of the functioning of the SOIS software;

3.2.Monitoring the performance of SOI equipment;

3.3.Automatic backup databases and current installations;

3.4.Protection of own SOI resources and technical means in the event of attempts of unauthorized access to them;

3.5.Synchronization of the internal clock of the workstation and the server equipment of the system according to the clock of one (central) server;

3.6.Synchronization of the central server clock with reference time signals broadcast from satellites (GPS).

3.7. Backup of critical areas of the system with the ability to automatically restore information in case of failures,

3.8. Ensuring uninterrupted power supply to system equipment. Implementation of the function of remote shutdown of equipment in hardware racks.

3.9. Monitoring environmental parameters, temperature, humidity, etc. Displaying information about emergency situations on the system's automated workstation.

Some problems that XVmatic SOI solves:

Integration of COTS, SPS, ACS, TSON systems of an object into a single complex;

Information communication with the object's SOTS, SPS, ACS, TSON systems;

Information communication, via existing fiber optic communication channels, with segments of information communication systems of geographically dispersed customer buildings;

Information connection with SOI segments of objects located in other cities (more than 500 km from the central office) with the possibility of further connection of new SOI segments;

Logging (recording and storage) of information received from the COTS, SPS, ACS, TSON systems of the object for the required time;

Centralized management of ACS and executive devices (setting up user access rights to premises and to keys using ACS cards, blocking local zones inside a facility when an Alarm signal is received, unblocking individual access points, etc.);

Transferring control actions to the TSON system to configure equipment operation and record video information.

Round-the-clock, continuous and automatic monitoring of COTS, SPS, ACS, TSON systems, uninterruptible power supplies with information displayed on the monitors of automated workstations (AWS) of the system, display of recommendations on the actions of the duty service. Processing information from all objects where SOI segments are installed;

Analysis of the current state of technical equipment of COTS, SPS, ACS, TSON systems, uninterruptible power supplies with display of information on the monitors of the system's automated workstation;

Automatic and automated analysis of data on the functioning of ITSO:

Ø analysis and control of the correctness of current modes and settings of ITSO and issuance of notifications (signals) when erroneous and/or non-optimal modes and/or settings are identified;

Ø analysis and control of ITSO reactions in normal situations and during incidents;

Ø calculation of indicators of reliability and quality of technical operation of ITSO;

Ø comparative analysis according to selected parameters (calendar periods, technical means, situations, indicators, etc.).

Automatic current monitoring of the functioning of the SOIS software;

Monitoring the performance of SOI equipment;

Processing and displaying the received information in the Security Control Center in the form of unified tabular reports;

Features of the XVmatic SOI:

Visual GUI user to display the situation on graphic plans and the necessary information about routine and alarm events on the monitors of the automated workplace, indicating the location, date, time and nature of the events, as well as recommendations for the actions of security posts and the security service of the Central Office in various situations;

Ease of system configuration – changing operating algorithms and system configuration parameters without stopping the existing system;

Remote control of operating modes and settings of SOI equipment;

Making changes, upgrading, replacing software versions without changing the configured system operation algorithms;

Automatic backup of databases and current installations;

Protection of own SOI resources and technical means in the event of attempts of unauthorized access to them;

Synchronization of the internal clock of the workstation and the server equipment of the system according to the clock of one (central) server;

Synchronization of the central server clock with reference time signals broadcast from satellites (GPS).

Limiting access of system users (operators and administrators) to SOIS functions;

Access to information about the state of COTS, SPS, ACS, TNSON systems, event protocols in accordance with the categories of access to information;

Logging the actions of SOIS operators and administrators during operation;

Monitoring the presence of SOIS operators and administrators at the workplace (periodic confirmation using photo identification or by entering a password);

Displaying windows on the monitor screens of the automated workplace system with service messages about alarms and emergency situations, indicating the location of the event on a graphical plan, video images from nearby video cameras, and sound;

Documenting (logging) all incoming information indicating the location of the event, its nature, time and date;

Preparation and printing of reports on SOIS events.

Processing "events" according to specified scenarios in the XVmatic SOI

The main object of processing for modern SOI are “events”, each of which is processed according to the corresponding scenario.

For each event being processed (an event to which the script must react), one or more reactions are specified in the scene. Depending on the composition of the equipment installed at the protected facility and on the composition of the security subsystems, the following reactions can be set:

Output of a text message to the operator console. The output of the text message is combined with the display on the operator console of the location of the device from which the message came on the site plan. Some text messages general purpose may not be accompanied by a plan display if it is not possible (or not meaningful) to identify the device or if the device is not associated with a specific plan in the hardware database. Text messages are entered into the database in advance, and are selected from the list when developing the script. During the scripting phase, a new message cannot be defined. The plan message can be sent to one or more control panels of your choice.

Output of an audio message to the control panel. The message is pre-recorded sound file. This could be some sound or narration. All messages must be registered in the database in advance. During the script development stage, a new audio message cannot be entered, but any of the messages can be listened to for verification. The audio message can be sent to one or more control panels of your choice. The list of control panels contains only those remote controls that have an audio adapter.

Recording a specified number of video frames with a specified time interval in a video archive. The camera from which the recording is made (usually, not the one whose event is processed in this scene) and the preset number if this camera is controlled are indicated. Using this reaction, the location of the violation is photographed when the “master” is the sensor burglar alarm or ACS reader. It is possible to film the location of the violation using a controlled camera, which turns in the desired direction (preset) and makes a “collision”. It should be kept in mind that for any video camera involved in the scenario (if a security zone is defined for it), frames during a violation are written to the video archive automatically.

Complex of technical means of information processing is a set of autonomous devices for collecting, accumulating, transmitting, processing and presenting information, as well as office equipment, management, repair and maintenance and others.

There are a number of requirements for the set of technical means:

· Ensuring problem solving with minimal costs, required accuracy and reliability

Possibility of technical compatibility of devices, their aggregability

Ensuring high reliability

· Minimum costs for acquisitions

Domestic and foreign industry produces a wide range of technical means of information processing, differing in the element base, design, use of various information media, operational characteristics, etc.

Technical means information processing are divided into two large groups. These are the main and auxiliary processing tools.

Fixed assets- These are tools for automated information processing.

It is known that to manage certain processes, certain management information is required that characterizes states and parameters technological processes, quantitative, cost and labor indicators of production, supply, sales, financial activities, etc.

The main means of technical processing include: means of recording and collecting information, means of receiving and transmitting data, means of preparing data, means of input, means of processing information and means of displaying information. Below, all these means are discussed in detail.

· Obtaining primary information and registration is one of the labor-intensive processes. Therefore, devices for mechanized and automated measurement, collection and recording of data are widely used. The range of these funds is very extensive. These include: electronic scales, various counters, displays, flow meters, cash registers, banknote counting machines, ATMs and much more. This also includes various production registrars intended for processing and recording information about business transactions on computer media.

· Means of receiving and transmitting information.

Under the transfer of information refers to the process of sending data (messages) from one device to another. An interacting set of objects formed by data transmission and processing devices is called network . They combine devices designed to transmit and receive information. They ensure the exchange of information between the place of its origin and the place of its processing. The structure of means and methods of data transmission is determined by the location of information sources and data processing facilities, volumes and time for data transmission, types of communication lines and other factors. Data transmission means are represented by subscriber points (AP), transmission equipment, modems, multiplexers.

Data preparation tools are represented by devices for preparing information on computer media, devices for transferring information from documents to media, including computer devices. These devices can perform sorting and adjustment.

· Input tools serve to perceive data from computer media and enter information into computer systems

Information processing tools play a vital role in the complex of technical means of information processing. Processing means include computers, which in turn are divided into four classes: micro, small (mini); large and super computers.

Micro computer There are two types: universal and specialized. Both universal and specialized can be either multi-user - powerful computers equipped with several terminals and operating in time-sharing mode (servers), or single-user (workstations), which specialize in performing one type of work.

Small computers– work in time sharing and multitasking mode. Their positive side is reliability and ease of operation.

Mainframe computers– (mainfarms) are characterized by a large amount of memory, high fault tolerance and performance. It is also characterized by high reliability and data protection; ability to connect a large number of users.

Supercomputer- These are powerful multiprocessor computers with a speed of 40 billion operations per second.

Server- a computer dedicated to processing requests from all stations on the network and providing these stations with access to system resources and distributing these resources.

Universal server It's called an application server.

Powerful servers can be classified as small and large computers. Now the leader is Marshall servers, and there are also Cray servers (64 processors).

· Information display tools used to output calculation results, reference data and programs to computer media, print, screen, and so on. Output devices include monitors, printers and plotters.

Monitor is a device designed to display information entered by the user from the keyboard or output from the computer.

Printer is a device for outputting text and graphic information.

Plotter is a device for printing large format drawings and diagrams onto paper.

Aids– this is equipment that ensures the operability of fixed assets, as well as equipment that facilitates and makes management work more comfortable.

Auxiliary means of information processing include office equipment and repair and maintenance equipment. Office equipment is represented by a very wide range of tools, from office supplies to means of delivery, reproduction, storage, search and destruction of basic data, means of administrative and production communications, and so on, which makes the work of a manager convenient and comfortable.

1.1 Data processing modes

When designing technological processes, they are guided by the modes of their implementation. The implementation mode of the technology depends on the space-time features of the tasks being solved: frequency and urgency, requirements for the speed of message processing, as well as on the operational capabilities of technical means, and primarily computers. Exist: batch mode; real time mode; time sharing mode; regulatory regime; request; dialog; teleprocessing; interactive; single-program; multi-program (multi-processing).

Batch mode. When using this mode, the user does not have direct communication with the computer. Collection and registration of information, input and processing do not coincide in time. First, the user collects information, forming it into packages in accordance with the type of task or some other characteristic. (As a rule, these are tasks of a non-operational nature, with a long-term validity of the solution results). After receiving information is completed, it is entered and processed, i.e., there is a processing delay. This mode is used, as a rule, with a centralized method of information processing.

Dialog mode (query) mode in which the user has the ability to directly interact with the computer system while the user is working. Data processing programs are permanently in the computer's memory if the computer is available at any time, or for a certain period of time when the computer is available to the user. User interaction with a computer system in the form of a dialogue can be multidimensional and determined by various factors: language of communication, active or passive role of the user; who is the initiator of the dialogue - the user or the computer; response time; dialogue structure, etc. If the initiator of the dialogue is the user, then he must have knowledge of working with procedures, data formats, etc. If the initiator is a computer, then the machine itself tells at each step what needs to be done with a variety of choices. This method of operation is called “menu selection”. It provides support for user actions and prescribes their sequence. At the same time, less preparation is required from the user.

The dialog mode requires a certain level of technical equipment of the user, i.e. the presence of a terminal or PC connected to the central computer system by communication channels. This mode is used to access information, computing or software resources. The ability to work in interactive mode may be limited in the start and end times of work, or it may be unlimited.

Sometimes a distinction is made between conversational and request modes, then by query we mean a one-time call to the system, after which it issues a response and turns off, and by dialog we mean a mode in which the system, after a request, issues a response and waits further actions user.

Real time mode. Refers to the ability of a computing system to interact with controlled or managed processes at the pace of these processes. The reaction time of the computer must satisfy the pace of the controlled process or user requirements and have a minimum delay. Typically, this mode is used for decentralized and distributed data processing.

The teleprocessing mode allows a remote user to interact with the computing system.

The interactive mode assumes the possibility of two-way interaction between the user and the system, i.e. the user has the opportunity to influence the data processing process.

Time-sharing mode assumes the ability of the system to allocate its resources to a group of users one by one. The computing system serves each user so quickly that it seems like several users are working simultaneously. This possibility is achieved through appropriate software.

Single-program and multi-program modes characterize the system’s ability to work simultaneously using one or several programs.

The scheduled mode is characterized by time certainty of individual user tasks. For example, receiving results summaries at the end of the month, calculating payroll statements for certain dates, etc. The deadlines for the decision are set in advance according to regulations, as opposed to arbitrary requests.

1.2 Data processing methods

Vary following methods data processing: centralized, decentralized, distributed and integrated.

Centralized presupposes availability. With this method, the user delivers initial information to the computer center and receives processing results in the form of result documents. The peculiarity of this processing method is the complexity and labor-intensiveness of establishing fast, uninterrupted communication, the large load of the computer with information (since its volume is large), the regulation of the timing of operations, and the organization of system security from possible unauthorized access.

Decentralized processing. This method is associated with the advent of personal computers, which make it possible to automate a specific workplace.

The distributed method of data processing is based on the distribution of processing functions between various computers included in the network. This method can be implemented in two ways: the first involves installing a computer in each network node (or at each level of the system), with data processing carried out by one or more computers depending on the actual capabilities of the system and its needs at the current time. The second way is to place a large number of different processors within one system. This path is used in banking and financial information processing systems, where a data processing network is needed (branches, departments, etc.). Advantages of the distributed method: the ability to process any amount of data within a given time frame; high degree of reliability, since if one technical means fails, it is possible to instantly replace it with another; reduction of time and costs for data transfer; increasing system flexibility, simplifying software development and operation, etc. The distributed method is based on a complex of specialized processors, i.e. each computer is designed to solve certain tasks, or tasks of your level.

Integrated method of information processing. It provides for the creation information model managed object, that is, creating distributed base data. This method provides maximum convenience for the user. On the one hand, databases provide for shared use and centralized management. On the other hand, the volume of information and the variety of tasks to be solved require distribution of the database. Integrated information processing technology allows you to improve the quality, reliability and speed of processing, because processing is carried out on the basis of a single information array, entered once into the computer. A feature of this method is the technological and time separation of the processing procedure from the procedures for collecting, preparing and entering data.

A set of technical means of information processing is a set of autonomous devices for collecting, accumulating, transmitting, processing and presenting information, as well as office equipment, management, repair and maintenance and others. There are a number of requirements for the set of technical means:

Ensuring that problems are solved with minimal costs, the necessary accuracy and reliability;

Possibility of technical compatibility of devices, their aggregability;

Ensuring high reliability;

Minimum acquisition costs.

Domestic and foreign industry produces a wide range of technical means of information processing, differing in the element base, design, use of various information carriers, and operational characteristics.

Technical means of information processing are divided into two large groups. These are the main and auxiliary processing tools (Fig. 12). Auxiliary information tools- this is equipment that ensures the operability of fixed assets, as well as equipment that facilitates and makes management work more comfortable. Auxiliary means of information processing include office equipment and repair and maintenance equipment. Office equipment is represented by a very wide range of tools, from office supplies to means of delivery, reproduction, storage, search and destruction of basic data, means of administrative and industrial communications, and so on, which makes the manager’s work convenient and comfortable.

Rice. 12. Classification of technical means of information processing

Basic means of informatization- These are tools for automated information processing. It is known that in order to manage certain processes, certain management information is needed that characterizes the states and parameters of technological processes, quantitative, cost and labor indicators of production, supply, sales, and financial activities. The main means of technical processing include: means of recording and collecting information, means of receiving and transmitting data, means of preparing data, means of input, means of processing information and means of displaying information.

Obtaining primary information and registration is one of the labor-intensive processes. Therefore, devices for mechanized and automated measurement, collection and recording of data are widely used. The range of these funds is very extensive. These include: electronic scales, various counters, displays, flow meters, cash registers, banknote counting machines, ATMs and much more. As well as various production recorders designed for registration and recording of information about business transactions on computer media.

Means of receiving and transmitting information. Information transfer refers to the process of sending data (messages) from one device to another.

Data preparation tools are represented by devices for preparing information on computer media, devices for transferring document information to media.

Input means are used to perceive data from computer media and enter information into computer systems.

Information processing tools play a critical role in the complex of technical information processing tools. Processing means include computers, which in turn are divided into four classes: micro-computers, small (mini) computers, large-scale computers and super-computers.

There are two types of microcomputers: universal and specialized. Both universal and specialized can be either multi-user - powerful computers equipped with several terminals and operating in time-sharing mode (servers), or single-user (workstations), which specialize in performing one type of work.

Small computers operate in time sharing and multitasking mode, are reliable and easy to use.

Large computers (mainfarms) are characterized by a large amount of memory, high fault tolerance and performance, as well as high reliability and data protection; ability to connect a large number of users.

Supercomputers are powerful multiprocessor computers with a speed of 40 billion operations per second.

Server is a computer dedicated to processing requests from all stations on the network and providing these stations with access to system resources and distributing these resources. A universal server is called an application server. Powerful servers can be classified as small and large computers.

Information display tools are used to display calculation results, reference data and programs on computer media, print, and screen. Output devices include monitors, printers and plotters. A monitor is a device designed to display information entered by the user from the keyboard or output from the computer. A printer is a device for outputting text and graphic information onto paper. A plotter is a device for printing large format drawings and diagrams onto paper.

Office equipment- an integral part of the technical equipment of any office. Office organizational equipment (office equipment) - technical means used for mechanization and automation of management and engineering work. Insufficient use of office equipment leads to a decrease in labor productivity and the efficiency of management and technical personnel. Office equipment is understood as technical means used in office work to create information paper documents, copy them, reproduce, process, store, transport and means of administrative and management communications.

Tools for drawing up and producing documents. These include typewriters and organizational automatic machines. Typewriters Recently, this still indispensable type of equipment is increasingly being replaced by personal computers equipped with printers. Mechanical typewriters are the simplest and cheapest, but also the most inconvenient to use. Electric typewriters require minimal effort from the typist when pressing keys and at the same time provide a large number of copies - up to 12. Electronic typewriters, having all the advantages of electric ones, also have a memory, which brings them closer in efficiency to organizational automatic machines. The memory of electronic typewriters can be either internal (electronic, magnetic) or external (magnetic cards, tapes, floppy disks). This memory stores a variety of information: standard texts, templates, addresses, formatted documents. Printed information can also be stored in memory for further analysis and use. Naturally, the information retrieved from memory can be edited directly during printing, addresses, surnames and any other text fragments can be changed. Electronic typewriters can have a display for preliminary display and editing of printed information, can be connected to a computer for input/output of necessary information and editing texts using more modern computer editors. Stationery typewriters are desktop and hard to carry, including mechanical, electrical and electronic. Portable or travel typewriters are most often mechanical. Specialized typewriters, depending on their purpose, include typewriters with fonts for the blind, typesetting machines and automatic machines for preparing forms for subsequent printing, stenographic machines and attachments for generating stenographic reports on meetings, flat-type typewriters for imprinting texts in passports and forms and inscriptions on drawings.

Organizational automata - uh is a registered complex of electromechanical and electronic devices designed to automate the process of compiling, editing and producing text and spreadsheet documents. Orchestration machines include high-speed printing devices, various storage devices, microprocessors and other control devices, and displays. Functionality automatic machines are wider than those of electronic typewriters. It should be especially noted the advisability of using dictaphone technology as an intermediate link in recording information when creating typewritten documents. Statistics show that labor costs for drafting a document with intermediate dictation of the text into a dictaphone and subsequent printing from the dictaphone are 2-3 times less than for handwritten preparation and subsequent printing from a draft. For large volumes of regular typewriting work in organizations, it is advisable to create dictaphone-typewriting bureaus.

Transportation of documents between the office premises of a company, bank, library or other organization can be carried out using means of transporting documents ( trolleys, conveyors, elevators, pneumatic mail) . Elevator conveyors (or lifts) are used for vertical movement of documents. According to the principle of operation, they can be discrete or continuous. If elevators have continuous movement, then programmable devices for automatic unloading and picking up of cargo are used on their platforms (pallets).

Pneumatic mail ensures the movement of documents through a pneumatic pipeline at high speed and over long distances. Many pneumatic mails provide the transfer of cargo in different directions with automatic routing according to a given program.

Document processing tools are intended for addressing, marking, stitching and other operations on documents. Addressing machines are widely used for imprinting local text fragments into documents, most often standard ones: customer addresses, invoice headers, statements, notices of payment documents. The addressing machine copies onto documents or onto labels for subsequent sticking a fragment of text, quickly selected from a large number of texts stored either in the machine’s memory or in the form of printed forms in a card file of template stamps, often inserted into multi-colored standard frames for ease of manual selection. Addressing machines use special plates for flat and sometimes letterpress printing. Texts for printing can also be obtained from a computer.

Marking machines (franking machines) print postage stamps indicating the date instead of stamps on envelopes postal item and payment amounts. When printing, the amounts of payments to be executed are accumulated on the counter of the franking machine. Such a postal stamp may contain a short advertisement, the name of the organization, its address, and telephone number.

Stamping devices (numerators) are used to print short digital messages on documents: numbers, indexes, dates.

Laminators are machines for protecting documents from moisture, dust, oil and from careless storage by applying a protective coating to the surface of the document. We insert the document into the machine, where it undergoes heat treatment, as a result of which a protective film is applied to the document on both sides, or a sticky transparent film is simply glued to the surface of the document. It is advisable to laminate securities, advertisements, covers of books and reports, menus and many other documents.

Folding machines are devices for performing various types of folding (bending) papers according to a given format and folding them neatly. Folding machines perform all standard types of folding: single, letter, zigzag, etc.

Booklet stitching machines are devices for automatically folding and fastening brochures using metal clips. Simpler manual and electrified paper staplers are also available.

Sheet collating machines (collectors) are machines for collecting (sorting) printed sheets into blocks, for example, for the subsequent production of books and brochures.

Tools for copying and reproducing documents designed for copying and reproducing documents (articles, advertisements, advertising brochures) are very common in business and other areas of labor and social activity. For the purpose of copying and duplicating documents, special technical means are used. When receiving a small number of copies (up to 25 copies), it is advisable to use means of document copying (reprography), and for large replications (more than 25 copies) - means of document reproduction (quick or small printing). Electrographic copying (electrophotographic, xerographic) is currently the most common copying method. More than 70% of the world's copying equipment stock consists of electrographic copiers, through which over 50% of all copies produced in the world are made.

Thermographic copying. This is the fastest copying method (tens of meters per minute), allowing you to obtain a copy on special, rather expensive thermosetting paper or on regular paper, but through thermal copy paper. Photographic copying. This copying method is the oldest. It provides the most high quality, but requires expensive consumables and a lengthy process. Electronic graphic copying. It is based on optical reading of documents (photodiodes convert the document image projected on them into electrical signals) and electric spark recording of information onto a special copy medium. Copies will most often be received on electrophotographic film and thermosetting paper. Copies on electrophotographic film serve as the basis for subsequent replication of documents using screen printing, and in the aspect of preparing high-quality screen printing forms, electronic graphic copying is very effective and widely used. Diazographic photocopying - diazography, sincography. It is used primarily for copying large-format drawing and technical documentation. The original must be made on translucent paper or tracing paper. The process involves exposing the original by contact onto light-sensitive diazo paper and bleaching the paper with bright light in areas where there is no image.

TO means of operational printing include hectographic, offset, screen printing. Hectographic printing. Its principle is based on the production of a printing plate with a large supply of ink, which is gradually dissolved with alcohol (hence its common name - alcohol printing) and is consumed, transferred to copies. Offset printing is based on the principle of incompatibility of oil and water. The print is made from a flat surface (mold) treated so that the areas corresponding to the image being printed will hold the oil-based ink and repel water, and the rest of the surface will hold water and repel the ink. The printing form is made on coated paper by transferring a mirror image of the document onto it using special copy paper. Printing is done on hectographs by moistening the paper with alcohol and contact transferring a thin layer of ink from the printing plate to this paper. You can get 100-200 prints from one printing plate. Hectographic printing is used for small circulations of 25-250 copies. The printing form is made on a metal (foil) or hydrophilic paper plate by printing on a typewriter (printer) or by electrographic or thermographic copying of the document, but with the obligatory use of fat dye. When printing on rotaprints, ink is rolled onto the plate, sticking to greasy materials, and then the ink is transferred by contact through an intermediate elastic link (offset drum) to paper to produce a copy.

Screen printing. The printing form is a stencil, made on a sheet of wax, gelatin or colloidal paper or on film by punching micro-holes in it on special typewriters or by electronographic copying. The printing process involves pressing ink through a stencil using machines called rotators.

Electronic screen printing. Of course, the most effective and promising version of operational printing on risographs deserves special attention, using the latest achievements of digital electronics and significantly improving all the characteristics of screen printing. Risographs are a relatively new type of copying and duplicating equipment; they combine traditional screen printing with modern digital methods for producing and processing electronic documents. By connecting the risograph to a computer via a parallel port, it can be used to quickly create, edit and reproduce any printed publications.

The risograph was invented and created in 1980 in Japan, and by the beginning of 1995, more than 70% of Japanese schools were equipped with risographs; In Russia, the first risographs appeared in 1992, in 1995 their number exceeded 3000, and the total needs of the Russian market, according to experts, are 200 thousand units. When preparing the matrix, the original document being replicated is placed on the built-in scanner. The scanner reads the information, encodes it and creates a corresponding digital file. After processing a special multilayer master film with a SIMM-controlled thermal head digital file, a working matrix is ​​created containing the copied image or text in the form of microholes in the outer layer of the film. Then the working matrix is ​​impregnated with a special dye, which is absorbed by the inner layer of the film, and is used as a stencil for duplicating the document. From one working matrix you can get at least 4000 good quality prints. All of these procedures are performed automatically. Risographs are available in two configurations: roller and flatbed. Flatbed risographs allow you to copy both color and stitched materials. But they usually do not automatically feed the original. Risographs are equipped with a design tablet for design work. With this tablet, without scissors or glue, you can layout the original and design copies better than the original. In the original placed on the tablet, you can use a special pencil to mark the fields to be changed, and for each field indicate the type of processing.

Electronic Document Management System is a set of devices and programs that allow you to effectively organize procedures for creating, storing, manipulating and sending electronic documents. Creating simple text documents can be performed on various types of typewriters, followed by entering text from a paper document into a personal computer using a scanner. But, of course, it is more effective to create even simple documents directly on personal computers using a wide arsenal software providing convenient and highly efficient service. This service is especially important when creating complex, highly artistic documents intended for subsequent replication. Drawing up such complex documents requires the execution of procedures for typing, editing, proofreading, preparing illustrations, layout and version of pages, printing.

Often, direct sources of materials for documents are image scanning systems, faxes, e-mail, spreadsheets, graphs, and drawings. All document creation procedures can be effectively performed on a personal computer equipped with a scanner and a set of problem-oriented application software products, primarily text editing programs or desktop publishing systems. The scanner can be used to enter separately prepared fragments, drawings, photographs, diagrams, seals, and signatures into a document.

Electronic document storage system must ensure effective storage and updating of documents during external memory Computers, as well as their efficient search and confidential access to them. Databases are a repository of specially organized information, including electronic documents in the external memory of a computer. Manipulation of electronic documents. The main functions of this subsystem are: organizing work with electronic documents, monitoring the execution of documents, their electronic distribution, printing and replication.

Administrative and management communication systems. The computer turns from a powerful computer into a powerful tool for managing electronic documents and into a powerful communication tool. Indeed, through a variety of information and computer networks, you can send and receive messages to the most remote places around the world, exchange data and programs with hundreds and thousands of subscribers, receive any background information from operational service systems. A computer can be connected to a subscriber telephone network and gain access to other subscribers of this network, to e-mail, to teletypewriters and telefaxes that work with this network.

To connect to all these networks you need a modem. The modem is installed in the slot (connector) motherboard personal computer or stand-alone connected to a serial port. A computer modem often has two external connectors: one is used to connect to the telephone network, the second is used to connect a second telephone device in parallel with the modem. For computers, you should use high-speed modems (14400, 28800 and 33600 baud), because, among other things, they significantly save the cost of renting communication channels; transferring 1 MB of data at a speed of 300 baud takes about 3 hours, and at a speed of 28800 baud - less than 2 minutes .

A computer with a fax modem works much more reliably and stablely than a telefax, and provides many additional services: significantly more convenient and efficient automation of preparing fax texts using the entire arsenal of computer tools, integration with by email, telex and computer database, the presence of a larger electronic reference book containing a wide variety of useful information, differentiation of access rights for employees and external subscribers to fax, control of correspondence, detailed statistics working with fax. Currently, computer keyboards are being produced from which you can directly dial a subscriber's phone number, and computers equipped with a video camera and microphone have also appeared, allowing you not only to exchange faxes with a partner, but also to see him and talk to him.

Self-test questions

1. Describe existing approaches to creating AIS and their essence.

2. Define the concept of an information model and the requirements for them.

3. Describe the essence of the conceptual level of AIS design.

4. Describe the essence of the logical level of AIS design.

5. Describe the entity physical level AIS design.

6. Describe the essence of the principles of designing AIS of an economic and mathematical nature.

7. Describe the essence of the principles of designing AIS of a system nature.

8. Describe the essence of the principles of designing AIS of an organizational and technical nature.

9. Describe the essence of the private principles of AIS design.

10. Describe the essence of decomposition and the problems of decomposition of AIS.

11. Determine the composition of AIS subsystems, describe the goals and essence of the tasks.

12. Define the concept of AIS integration and describe the problems associated with the creation of IAIS.

13. Define the concepts of complexity and adaptability of AIS.

14. Define the concepts of automated workplace. Describe their essence using one example.

15. Principles of interface design for workstations.

16. Describe the classification of technical means of information processing.