Google Scholar) is a freely accessible search engine that indexes the full text of scientific publications of all formats and disciplines. Release date in beta version status - November 2004. The Google Scholar Index includes the majority of peer-reviewed online journals from Europe and America's largest scientific publishers. It is similar in functionality to the freely available Scirus systems from Elsevier, CiteSeerX and getCITED. It is also similar to subscription-based tools such as Elsevier's Scopus and Thomson ISI's Web of Science. Google Scholar's advertising slogan, "standing on the shoulders of giants," is a tribute to the scientists who have contributed to their fields over the centuries, providing the foundation for new scientific advances.

Story

Google Scholar arose from a discussion between Alex Verstak and Anurag Acharya, both of whom then worked on building Google's core web index.

In 2006, in response to the release Windows Live Academic Search from Microsoft, a potential competitor to Google Scholar, has implemented a citation import feature using bibliographic managers (such as RefWorks, RefMan, EndNote and BibTeX). Similar capabilities are also implemented in other search engines such as CiteSeer and Scirus.

In 2007, Acharya announced that the Academy Google started a program to digitize and host journal articles under an agreement with publishers, separate from Google Books, whose scans of old journals do not include the metadata needed to find specific articles in specific fields.

Features and Specifications

Google Scholar allows users to search for digital or physical copies of articles, whether online or in libraries. "Scientific" search results are generated using links from "full-text journal articles, technical reports, preprints, dissertations, books and other documents, including selected web pages that are considered "scientific". Because most scientific results Google search These are direct links to commercial journal articles, most users will only be able to access a short abstract of the article, as well as a small number important information about the article and may have to pay to access the full article. Google Scholar is just as easy to use as Google's regular web search, especially with the "Advanced Search" feature that can automatically narrow search results to specific journals or articles. The most significant keyword search results will be listed first, in order of the author's ranking, the number of references that are associated with it and their relationship to other scientific literature, and also the publication ranking of the journal in which it is published.

Through its "cited in" feature, Google Scholar provides access to abstracts of articles that cite the article being reviewed. It is this function, in particular, that provides a citation index previously available only in Scopus and Web of Knowledge. With its Related Articles feature, Google Scholar presents a list of closely related articles, ranked primarily by how similar the articles are to the original result, but also by the importance of each article.

As of March 2011, Google Scholar is not yet available for the Google AJAX API.

Ranking algorithm

While most academic databases and search engines allow users to select one of the factors (such as relevance, number of citations, or publication date) to rank results, Google Scholar ranks results using a combined ranking algorithm that operates as "researchers do, given the full the text of each article, the author, the publication in which the article was published, and how often it was cited in other scientific literature.” Research has shown that Google Scholar gives particularly high weight to the number of citations and words included in the title of a document. As a result, the first search results often contain highly cited articles.

Limitations and criticism

Some users find Google Scholar comparable in quality and usefulness to commercial databases, although it user interface(UI) is still in beta.

A significant problem with Google Scholar is the lack of data on its coverage. Some publishers do not allow it to index their journals. Elsevier journals were not included in the index until mid-2007, when Elsevier made most of its content on ScienceDirect available to Google Scholar in Google Web Search. As of February 2008, the most last years from Journals of the American Chemical Society. Google Scholar does not publish crawl lists of scientific journals. Its update frequency is also unknown. However, it provides easy access to published articles without the hassle of some of the most expensive commercial databases.

Notes

1. Hughes, Tracey (December 2006) “An interview with Anurag Acharya, Google Scholar lead engineer” Google Librarian Central
2. Assisi, Francis C. (3 January 2005) "Anurag Acharya Helped Google's Scholarly Leap" INDOlink
3. Barbara Quint: Changes at Google Scholar: A Conversation With Anurag Acharya Information Today, August 27, 2007
4. 20 Services Google Thoughts Are More Important Than Google Scholar - Alexis Madrigal - Technology - The Atlantic
5. Google Scholar Library Links
6. Vine, Rita (January 2006). Google Scholar. Journal of the Medical Library Association 94 (1): 97–9.
7. (unavailable link)
8. About Google Scholar. Scholar.google.com. Archived from the original on March 29, 2012. Retrieved July 29, 2010.
9. Google Scholar Help
10. Official Google Blog: Exploring the scholarly neighborhood
11. Jöran Beel and Bela Gipp. Google Scholar's Ranking Algorithm: An Introductory Overview. In Birger Larsen and Jacqueline Leta, editors, Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Scientometrics and Informetrics (ISSI’09), volume 1, pages 230-241, Rio de Janeiro (Brazil), July 2009. International Society for Scientometrics and Informetrics. ISSN 2175-1935.
12. Jöran Beel and Bela Gipp. Google Scholar's Ranking Algorithm: The Impact of Citation Counts (An Empirical Study). In André Flory and Martine Collard, editors, Proceedings of the 3rd IEEE International Conference on Research Challenges in Information Science (RCIS’09), pages 439-446, Fez (Morocco), April 2009. IEEE. doi:10.1109/RCIS.2009.5089308. ISBN 978-1-4244-2865-6.
13. Bauer, Kathleen, Bakkalbasi, Nisa (September 2005) “An Examination of Citation Counts in a New Scholarly Communication Environment” D-Lib Magazine, Volume 11, No. 9
14. Peter Brantley: Science Directly into Google O'Reilly Radar, July 3, 2007

Links

Google Inc.
Advertising
Communications
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Platforms
Under development tools
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Search (PageRank, manuals)
Thematic projects
see also

In order to check the degree of development of the chosen scientific problem and engage in a full analysis of existing scientific works, it is not enough just to search in Yandex or Google. For these purposes, special scientific search services have been created. These include:

• Web of Science;
• Scopus;
• Google Scholar

The first two search engines are paid. And one of the best and largest search services is Google Scholar (Google Academy). It is part of Google search and indexes full text versions scientific articles, publications in all sciences and scientific disciplines, in all formats.

Advantages of Google Scholar compared to other search services

Here are just some of the benefits of this search engine:

1. Firstly, it is an easily accessible and free option for searching for published dissertations, peer-reviewed articles, authoritative monographs and other specialized scientific literature, which came out from reputable publishing houses of various world universities, professional companies and associations, and scientific organizations.
2. Secondly, the Academy is Russified and fully adapted for the Russian-speaking audience (unlike other analogues).
3. Thirdly, the Google Scholar system makes it possible to search for full-text articles from magazines and newspapers, preprints and other paper documents. The Academy systematizes information from the majority of peer-reviewed journals (both online and offline) of the most authoritative scientific publishing houses in the USA and Europe.
4. Fourthly, the search algorithm is almost no different from working with conventional search engines and issuing links that match the request. Using these links you can easily find articles that contain the abstracts you are looking for. Of course, most of the articles, unfortunately, are closed. Viewing the full version is possible only after making certain monetary contributions. But there are still texts that are provided free of charge in full version no limits.

Google Academy features

Search in Google Academy is most often used as a standard search service, which has an “advanced search” function that allows you to search for articles:

• on this topic;
• by author;
• by city and year of publication;
• according to the rating of the author of the article;
• by the number of links to the publication;
• by rating of articles that link to the desired article;
• according to the rating of the journals in which the articles are published;
• on periodicals (magazines and newspapers);
• on deposited articles in repositories;
• on university repositories.

In addition, after registering with the Academy, each researcher can:

• find out the number of citations;
• find similar or similar articles;
• find all versions of the publication;
• save the article in your own systematized book depository;
• cite the publication in GOST format.

What is the Google Scholar Citations service?

Within Google Academy, there is a special ability to track citations of your own articles. This is very convenient, because... Thanks to the service, you can find out the names of those who cite their own published articles and summarize all citations in the form of diagrams to demonstrate your progress in science. You can also make your profile open and accessible to the public. Then anyone can see the available results by last name.

Pros of Google Scholar Citations:

• in Google Academy, the “Citation” section is the basis for determining the citation index, which was previously possible only in Web of Science and Scopus;
• wider systematization of all publication activities of the author compared to RSCI, WoS and Scopus, because information is classified according to a clearly regulated list of publications;
• the greatest breadth of materials presented, because The Academy indexes all websites and repositories of universities, as a result of which almost all publications available on the Internet (except for closed ones) are automatically included in your personal profile.

Cons of Google Scholar Citations:

• most Russian-language journals and conference materials are not included in the database;
• it does not contain data from closed sources and there are no publications without electronic analogues (or which are not mentioned in electronic sources);
• there is no guarantee of the veracity of the data added to the author’s own personal profile (this is a matter of personal responsibility and adherence to scientific ethics);
• some publishers prefer to exclude their journals from being indexed by Google Scholar;
• refresh rate not shown.

Google Scholar Citations features:

• the author’s profile is designed as a hyperlink, following which you can immediately see full list published works;
• the author can quickly find his own indexed articles;
• the author can edit information about his articles, add missing articles that the system does not know about;
• in case of an error, the author can delete other people’s articles from his profile;
• there is a function to automatically notify the author when new published works are published (usually within two weeks after the new work is published on the Internet);
• the ability to add co-authors and view their publications;
• there is a “cited in” section, where you can display a list of articles that refer to the publication you are viewing;
• in the “articles on the topic” section, a list of articles that are similar in content to the article in question is offered, and they are ranked by the level of similarity to the main article;
• There is a certificate of scientometric indicators (h-index, citation statistics).
• importing citations into programs for systematizing bibliographic information (BibTeX, RefWorks, EndNote, RefMan) and loading them into author identification systems (ResearcherID, ORCID).

How to use Google Scholar?

As mentioned above, everyone can use this search engine absolutely free. You just need to register on the website (scholar.google.ru), log in via Google account and fill out your own profile.

Your profile allows you to track not only the citation index of your articles, but also additionally calculate the Hirsch index and display the dynamics of your citations. You can also make your profile public and establish close scientific contacts with scientists who specialize in the same or related scientific problem. This is very useful in the modern globalized world, where scientific discoveries are most often made at the intersection of various sciences, scientific schools and scientific approaches. Google Scholar provides its registered users with the opportunity to work in almost all libraries in the world.

At the same time, it has been proven in practice that the quality of scientometric data in Google Academy is not lower than similar databases. Therefore, information from the Academy can be taken seriously when assessing the publication activity of a particular scientist.

Problems and Disadvantages of Google Scholar

Unfortunately, many publishers refuse to provide the right to index their publications. An even bigger disadvantage is the presence of a large number of pseudoscientific articles, because... Many unscrupulous publishers provide low-quality journals for indexing.

If you look for a highly professional article on a specific scientific problem, then there is a risk of plunging into “scientific consumer goods.” Therefore, when using Google Academy, you need to be vigilant and independently, with all the attention, evaluate the scientific value and significance of the articles found in the search.

Google Scholar or Google Scholar - free search system on the full texts of scientific publications of all formats and disciplines. The project was launched in November 2004. To date this system is an indispensable tool for any researcher.

The Google Scholar repository contains information from a variety of peer-reviewed online journals from the largest scientific publishing houses in Europe, America and Russia, archives of preprints, publications on the websites of universities, scientific societies and other scientific organizations. The system searches across a variety of disciplines and sources: articles, theses, books, abstracts and judicial opinions from academic publishers, professional societies, online repositories, universities and other websites. Google Scholar searches scientific research from all over the world, including articles in Russian.

Google Scholar's advertising slogan - "standing on the shoulders of giants" - is taken from the well-known statement of Isaac Newton, "If I have seen further than others, it is because I have stood on the shoulders of giants," as a sign of respect to scientists who have made disproportionate contributions to the development of science in the world. over the centuries and laid the basis for modern discoveries and achievements.

In its functionality, Google Scholar is similar to such specialized scientific search engines, electronic archives, tools for searching articles and links, such as Scirus, Science Research Portal, Windows Live Academic, Infotrieve - artical finder, CiteSeerX ResearchIndex, Scientopica and GetCITED. What is also important is that it allows you to work for free, unlike similar sites that provide access to publications after registration paid subscription eg Scopus and Web of Science.

The following features of Google Scholar can be highlighted:

• searching for scientific literature from any place convenient for you;
• allows you to calculate the publication citation index and find works, citations, authors and articles containing links to those that have already been found;
• the ability to search for the full text of a document both online and through libraries;
• viewing latest news and events in any field of research;
• It is possible to create a profile of a public author with links to your publications.

So, let's take a closer look at the available functions of this search engine.

1. Google Scholar Search

The search for a full-text document is carried out not only among publications available online, but also in libraries or paid resources. However, some publishers do not allow the Academy to index their journals.

Search results are ranked by relevance. In accordance with this algorithm, full-text documents are included in the statistics, taking into account the rating of the author or publication that published it and the number of citations from the publication. Thus, the most popular articles are displayed in the first links.

Here you can sort documents by date and citation.

There is also an advanced search that allows you to sort publications by a specific word/phrase, title, author/edition, for a specific period.

2. Quoting and linking

To use this feature, you must create a public Google Scholar profile, complete it, and upload relevant publications. Then, when you search for your name in a search engine, your downloaded publications will appear. Maybe this will help you start useful acquaintances with colleagues studying the same issues around the world.

This service will quickly and easily find your articles, regardless of their number and the presence of co-authors.

It is possible to add not only single, but also groups of articles. Citation metrics are calculated and updated automatically as the service discovers new citations of your work on the Internet.

It should be borne in mind that the system does not distinguish between namesakes and, on the contrary, treats identical links received from different/mirror servers as different, in the same way as different versions of links to the same work. Therefore, significant expenditures of effort and time are required for additional processing of the results of citation determination.

When creating a reference, you will have the opportunity to choose one of the international or Russian standards for the design of bibliographic references.

3. Availability of a webmaster guide

This documentation describes the technology for indexing websites with scientific articles from Google Scholar. It is written for webmasters who would like to have their documents included in the Academy search results.

Detailed Technical information It will also be useful for individual authors who have the opportunity to publish work on their website and add a link to it on the Google Scholar publication page.

By using of this service The global relevance and accessibility of content can be increased by working with scholarly publishers to index peer-reviewed papers, dissertations, preprints, abstracts, and technical reports from all areas of research to make them available on Google and Google Scholar.

4. Metrics or Indicators

This section makes it possible to quickly assess the availability and significance of recent articles in scientific publications, as well as analyze the relevance of the topics for the author.

Here you can view the TOP 100 publications in several languages, ordered by their five-year h-index and h-median. H5 index - Hirsch index for articles published over the last 5 full years. The H5-median is the median of the number of citations of publications that are included in the h5-index.

There is also the opportunity to study publications in specific scientific fields. To do this, you simply need to select the area of ​​research that interests you. Here you can select a subcategory for this area.

As of today, working with categories and subcategories is only available for English publications.

5. Library

Google Scholar uses information about electronic library resources to create item-by-item links to library servers in search results. Using the created database, the user can find the book he needs in the library closest to him.

The mission of Google Scholar is to collect scientific information from around the world in one resource and organize its universality, accessibility and usefulness.

The problem of searching and collecting information is one of the most important problems when writing a scientific publication. Currently, the problem of having too much information that is not reliable, high-quality and relevant is relevant.

Thus, the relevance of the problem is determined by the contradiction between the large flows of information circulating in modern world and the inability to quickly and efficiently search for it on the Internet.

When searching the Internet, two components are important - completeness and accuracy. Usually this is all called in one word - relevance, that is, the correspondence of the answer to the question. Important indicators are the coverage and depth of the search engine, crawl speed and relevance of links (the speed at which information is updated in this database), search quality (the closer to the top of the list the document you need is, the better the relevance works).

The scientific search engine Google Scholar is a resource that can solve the problem of finding information and has the ability to quickly and accurately sort it. Due to its expanded functionality, it allows you to find up-to-date, complete and reliable information in any field of research with minimum cost time. According to the creators, Google Scholar allows you to identify the most relevant scientific research from the entire body of work carried out in the world.

The features of this scientific search system can leave a very clear imprint on the processes of intellectual competition and even lead to certain changes in the general nature of scientific results and ideas that survive in the competitive struggle and determine the future of science.

This opportunity has invaluable benefits for the development of scientific research. Since, on the basis of the information obtained, the author can fully work on the originality and novelty of scientific research.

ONLINE Scientific Journal "Child and Society"

Publisher: International center for the childhood and education (ICCE)

Online ISSN: 2410-2644

Any scientific article is based on previously conducted research, so when writing scientific papers there is often a need to turn to electronic resources - libraries of scientific articles. Google Scholar (Google Academy), Cyberleninka (Kiberleninka) and other systems allow you to search for official scientific publications, without which any scientist is doomed to endlessly “reinvent the wheel.”

Where to find scientific articles

Searching for scientific articles is a process that requires care. There is a lot of unreliable information on the Internet, the use of which can easily distort the results of any study. Electronic resources provide enormous opportunities to conveniently find the information you need.

Let's figure out where and how to look science articles in the Internet. There are certain sites for searching scientific papers - they are called scientific electronic libraries, catalogs of scientific articles or archives of scientific articles.

Cyberleninka

Cyberleninka is a free Internet portal containing about one million officially published works by scientists, allowing you to search for scientific articles in all areas from psychology to jurisprudence. User-friendly interface Cyberleninka allows you to read and search online full-text scientific works. It has an extensive rubricator by areas of activity. Cyberleninka is accessible from any mobile application. Also requires registration. A small drawback of Cyberleninka is the inability to download the text of the article directly from the resource.

Google academy

Google Scholar is a Russified portal for searching officially published articles from scientific journals and various publications. This is a free service where you can search and read full-text foreign and Russian articles for free. In addition, dissertations, monographs and other works from various branches of science are available on Google Scholar. Some works are in the restricted access of Google Academy. Access to such publications is possible for a fee. Google has links to citations.

A small drawback of Google Academy is the abundance of pseudoscientific articles.

However, if you have a good command of the subject under study, you will be able to understand the quality of the works posted on the specified service. You can also register as an author and publish your works, as well as track citations. You can also download some articles in PDF format.

eLibrary

This service is an extensive domestic database of articles, numbering more than 37 thousand scientific publications and about 15 million scientific papers. In 2005, the Russian Science Citation Index (RSCI) project was created on the eLybrary platform - a universal citation database similar to Scopus.

The database is available after registration. Registered users can not only search for articles, but also receive a subscription service to electronic publications in various fields of science.

On the portal you can search through the catalog of authors and journals, and use the thematic rubricator.

The library contains articles from Russian and foreign journals, which can be found in the public domain online.

There is a service for creating collections of works on a specific topic, for example, in the field of law, economics, medicine, psychology. Citation links are provided.

Scientific electronic library Scholar.ru

An extensive database of not only literature, but also abstracts and dissertations of scientists. It has a catalog of works by title, author's details, and areas of activity. The advantage of the library is the ability to download the texts of articles from journals. In addition, it is possible to set up a subscription to new arrivals on topics that interest you - law, medicine, economics and other sciences.

Search for scientific articles using ScienceResearch.com

SciencereSearch is a service for a worldwide search for articles in major scientific journals and publishers, as well as archives of scientific literature. The system does not require registration. There are descriptions of abstracts and dissertations.

The search is carried out by article title, author data or keywords.

In journals on pedagogy

The SciencereSearch search engine will help you find articles on pedagogy, both in Russian and in most foreign languages world (English, German).

The service contains English-language instructions for use translated into Russian.

The interface is convenient - the data is entered into a single search line, after clicking the search button, a list of articles of interest is displayed, including in psychological areas related to pedagogy.

In psychology journals

The site has an advanced search form; in the rubricator you can find a list of psychological areas of interest. The archive contains many English-language articles from psychology journals.

In defectology journals

To search for articles from defectology journals, you need to go to the “Health and Medicine” section, or enter the terms of interest in the “advanced search” option. Entered by you keywords can be found in the text of the article or in the title.

In economics journals

To search for articles from a journal on economics, you also need to use the rubricator.

Strength The service is an automatic translation of an English-language website into Russian, as well as the ability to download articles. The search engine allows you to find a lot of articles by foreign authors

In Russian language magazines

The search engine provides a range of dates for publications that interest you. When you enter accurate data, the search engine returns a list of more accurate results.

In medical journals

The site contains many foreign articles on medicine, automatically translated into Russian. These articles can be read online or downloaded from the resource. The search engine produces a list of interesting publications by foreign authors.

Where to find scientific articles in English

English articles can be found using the SciencereSearch service described by us.

All journals of our publishing house are included in Google Scholar. However, authors should take into account that these articles are included in automatic mode, i.e. By agreement with Google Academy, their robot automatically downloads articles from our sites into its database. This does not always happen quickly. And since this is done by a robot, errors are possible. If you want your articles to be quickly uploaded to Google Academy, so that you, as an author, have the necessary scientific indicators in Google Academy, you need to create a profile in Google Academy and submit your articles there yourself. Below is a video with brief instructions.

Sign up for Google Academy

Registering with Google Scholar and submitting articles to Google Scholar

Our publishing house cannot create your personal profiles for you. This would be a violation of our Google Scholar agreement. Only the author creates his personal profile. Only by creating his personal profile, the author gains access to a wide range of tools for managing his scientific indicators. Sign up for Google Academy, manage your profile and scientific indicators that have specific scientific value to your Western colleagues.

In order to understand various aspects of working with Google Academy, we provide a link to an article that covers in detail the issues of working with this library