When AutoCAD prompts for a point, the command waits for the coordinates of some point in the current drawing to be entered. AutoCAD can enable drawing limit control using the LIMITS command. In this case, if the entered point goes beyond the drawing, AutoCAD displays a message:

** Outside limits - outside the limits

and rejects the entered point.

In the representation of the drawing in the internal graphic database, the coordinates of each point are specified with an accuracy of at least 14 significant digits.

Entering coordinates in AutoCAD can be done in two ways:

Directly from the keyboard, by specifying numerical values;

Using a graphical marker (cursor) that moves across the screen using a pointing device. Coordinates are entered by clicking the left mouse button.

As a result, the status bar located at the bottom of the desktop displays the current coordinate values. There are three coordinate display modes:

dynamic, in which coordinates are updated continuously as the mouse pointer moves;

static, in which the coordinates are updated only after specifying a point;

relative coordinate mode, format " distance<угол» , which updates values ​​as you move the mouse pointer while drawing an object that contains more than one point.

To determine the coordinates of points of existing objects (for example, the intersection point or the midpoint of a segment), you can use the ID command. In this case, you should use object snapping, otherwise the obtained coordinates may be inaccurate.

To determine the coordinates of all characteristic points of an object at once, it is convenient to use the LIST command. Another method of obtaining the coordinates of characteristic points is to select an object using handles. Handles are small rectangles located at characteristic points of objects, such as end points and the middle of a segment. When you bind the cursor to one of the handles, its coordinates are displayed in the coordinates field of the status bar.

To make it easier to enter coordinates, you can use:

orthogonal mode, when the coordinate change occurs only along the axis X or Y. Orthogonal mode is activated either by pressing the F8 function key or by clicking the button

Ortho Mode in the status bar;

binding to nodes invisible grid, defined with a certain step along X And Y. This step reference can be set either by pressing the F9 function key or by clicking on the button

Snap Mode in the status bar. If the snap step is enabled, then when you move the mouse, the crosshair will “jump” from one node of the invisible grid to another.

Coordinate values, regardless of the input method, are always associated with some coordinate system. By default, AutoCAD uses the so-called world coordinate system, MSK – World Coordinate System (WCS). It is defined so that the axis OX directed from left to right, axis OY– from bottom to top, axis OZ- perpendicular to the screen, outward. As a rule, for a specific project it is more convenient to determine custom coordinate system, UCS – User Coordinate System (UCS), which can be shifted relative to the world one and/or rotated at any angle. The existence of several user coordinate systems is allowed, and a transition from one to another is possible at any time.

No changes to the MSK are allowed. AutoCAD allows you to simultaneously use coordinates associated with the current UCS and coordinates associated with the WCS. In this case, for the MSK, when entered from the keyboard, the coordinate value must be preceded by an asterisk (*).

Dynamic coordinate input

With dynamic input, coordinate values ​​can be entered not on the command line, but in a tooltip field that appears next to the cursor and is dynamically updated as the cursor moves. The dynamic input feature is turned on and off in the status bar with the button

There are two types of dynamic input:

Entering coordinate values ​​using the mouse;

Enter dimensions for linear and angular values.

Dynamic input is configured in the Drafting Settings drawing modes dialog box, Dynamic Input tab (Fig. 4.1), which is called up from the Tools > Drafting Settings... drop-down menu or from the context menu by right-clicking on the Dynamic Input button in the status bar and selecting Settings ….

Rice. 4.1. Dynamic Input Configuration Dialog Box

The following dynamic input parameters are configured here.

Enable Pointer Input – enable mouse input.

Enable Dimension Input where possible – enable dimension input where possible.

In the Pointer Input area, the Settings... button opens the Pointer Input Settings dialog box, which allows you to configure mouse input settings.

In the Dimension Input area, the Settings... button loads the Dimension Input Settings dialog box, which allows you to set the visibility when stretching handles.

In the Dynamic Prompts area, you can configure dynamic prompts.

The Drafting Tooltip Appearance... button loads the Tooltip Appearance dialog box, which allows you to customize the appearance of tooltips in the drawing.

When using mouse input in the drawing area, moving the cursor will display coordinate values ​​that require you to first enter a value, then press the TAB key to move to the next prompt, and then enter the next coordinate value. When defining a point, the first coordinate is absolute, the format of the second and subsequent points is relative polar coordinates. If you want to enter an absolute value, you must precede it with a # sign.

Cartesian and polar coordinates

In two-dimensional space, a point is defined in a plane XY, which is also called the construction plane. Coordinate input from the keyboard is possible in the form of absolute and relative coordinates.

Absolute coordinates are entered in the following formats:

Cartesian(rectangular coordinates. In this case, to determine two-dimensional and three-dimensional coordinates, three mutually perpendicular axes are used: X, Y And Z. To enter coordinates, indicate the distance from the point to the origin along each of these axes, as well as the direction (+ or -). When starting a new drawing, the current system is always the World Coordinate System (WCS), hence the axis X directed horizontally, axis Y – vertically, and the axis Z perpendicular to the plane XY;

polar coordinates. When entering coordinates, the distance at which the point is located from the origin of coordinates is indicated, as well as the value of the angle formed by the polar axis and the segment mentally drawn through the given point and the origin of coordinates. The angle is specified in degrees counterclockwise. A value of 0 corresponds to the positive axis direction OX.

Relative coordinates specify the offset from the last entered point. When entering points in relative coordinates, you can use any recording format in absolute coordinates: @dx,dy - for Cartesian, @r

Relative Cartesian coordinates are convenient to use if the displacement of a point relative to the previous one is known.

Training system

Complete exercise L1–L3 from section 2.

Formation of points using the “direction – distance” method

Instead of entering coordinates, you can use direct distance recording, which is especially convenient for quickly entering line length. Such input can be made in all commands except those that simply require a real value, such as the commands for building an ARRAY array, marking a MEASURE, and dividing a DIVIDE object. When using direct distance recording, in response to a point prompt, simply move the mouse in the desired direction and enter a numeric value on the command line. For example, if a segment is specified in this way, then it is constructed by specifying the numerical value of the length and direction at a certain angle. When the orthogonal mode is turned on, this method is very convenient for drawing perpendicular segments.

Determining 3D Coordinates

Three-dimensional coordinates are specified similarly to two-dimensional ones, but to two components along the axes X And Y a third value is added – along the axis Z. In three-dimensional space, similar to two-dimensional modeling, you can use absolute and relative coordinates, as well as cylindrical And spherical, which are similar to polar ones in two-dimensional space.

Coordinate values, regardless of the input method, are always associated with some coordinate system. When working in three-dimensional space, the values x, y And z indicate either the World Coordinate System (WCS) or the User Coordinate System (UCS).

Right hand rule

When working in three-dimensional space in AutoCAD, all coordinate systems are formed according to right hand rule. It determines the positive direction of the axis Z three-dimensional coordinate system with known axis directions X And Y, as well as the positive direction of rotation around any of the three-dimensional coordinate axes.

To determine the positive directions of the axes, you need to bring the back of your right hand to the monitor screen and point your thumb parallel to the axis X, and the index finger – along the axis Y. If you bend your middle finger perpendicular to your palm, as shown in Fig. 4.2 on the right, then it will indicate the positive direction of the axis Z.

Rice. 4.2. Right hand rule

To determine the positive direction of rotation, you should orient the thumb of your right hand in the positive direction of the axis and bend the remaining fingers, as shown in Fig. 4.2 on the left. The positive direction of rotation is the same as the direction indicated by the bent fingers.

Entering 3D Cartesian Coordinates

Three-dimensional Cartesian coordinates ( x, y, z) are introduced similarly to two-dimensional ( x, y). In addition to axis coordinates X And Y you must also enter the axis value Z. In fact, there are no 2D coordinates in AutoCAD, and if you only enter values x And y, this means that the missing coordinate z is taken by default to be zero. When specifying Cartesian three-dimensional coordinates from the keyboard, three numbers are entered separated by commas, for example:

In three-dimensional space, as well as in two-dimensional space, both absolute coordinates (counted from the origin) and relative coordinates (counted from the last specified point) are widely used. A sign of relative coordinates is the @ symbol before the coordinates of the entered point, which in this case is taken relative to the last entered point.

Defining a custom coordinate system

As mentioned above, in AutoCAD there are: the world coordinate system World Coordinate System, WCS, and the user coordinate system User Coordinate System, UCS. Axis X world coordinate system is directed horizontally, the axis Y– vertically, and the axis Z runs perpendicular to the plane XY. The origin is the point where the axes intersect X And Y, by default it is aligned with the lower left corner of the picture. At any current moment, only one coordinate system is active, which is usually called current. In it, the coordinates are determined in any available way.

The main difference between the world coordinate system and the user one is that world coordinate system There can only be one (for each model space and sheet) and it is motionless. Application custom coordinate system has virtually no restrictions. It can be located at any point in space at any angle to the world coordinate system. You are allowed to define, save and restore an unlimited number of UCSs. It is easier to align a coordinate system with an existing geometric object than to determine the exact placement of a 3D point. UCS is usually used to work with non-adjacent fragments of a drawing. Rotating the UCS makes it easier to specify points in 3D or rotated views. Anchor points and reference directions defined by SNAP, GRID, and ORTHO snap modes are rotated with the UCS.

When working in the UCS, it is possible to rotate its plane XY and shift the origin. When entered, all of them are measured relative to the current user coordinate system. The corresponding icon makes it possible to judge the position and orientation of the current UCS, helping to visualize this orientation relative to the world coordinate system, as well as relative to the objects contained in the drawing.

The UCS icon is always shown in the plane XY current UCS and indicates the positive direction of the axes X And Y. The icon itself can be located either at the beginning of the user coordinate system or in another place. This position is controlled by the UCSICON coordinate system icon control command. Using the same command, you can select one of the icons, the size, color, type of axis arrows and line thicknesses of which can be changed (Fig. 4.3).

Rice. 4.3. Coordinate system icon options

The appearance of a plus (+) symbol in the lower left corner of the icon indicates its location at the beginning of the UCS. A custom coordinate system is used to move the origin of the coordinate system and/or change the orientation of the coordinate system axes in space, which greatly simplifies the process of creating and editing objects. When creating an object, it is convenient to place the origin of the coordinate system at the base point of the objects, especially if many objects are formed at this point.

The pictogram with the image of a broken pencil indicates that the plane XY almost parallel to the direction of view. In this case, when specifying coordinate values ​​using the mouse, points with zero coordinates are selected z, which usually does not correspond to the user's desire. Before entering points or editing a model, you should estimate the angle between the direction of view and the UCS icon by looking at the icon: if this angle is small, precise selection of points using a mouse or other manipulator is difficult.

Selecting a custom coordinate system in space

To change the position of the UCS, the following methods are used:

Specifying a new plane XY or new axle Z;

Entering a new origin;

Combining the UCS with an existing object;

Aligning the UCS with a body face;

Aligning the UCS with the direction of view;

Rotate the UCS around one of its axes;

Plane location XY UCS perpendicular to the one selected as the axis Z direction;

Restoring a previously saved PSC for combination with MSC;

Applying an existing UCS to any viewport;

Return to the previous UCS.

Placing, moving, rotating and displaying custom coordinate systems is done using the command UCS. You can call this command or its execution options from the command line or from the Tools > New UCS drop-down menu. The most convenient way is to call from the floating UCS toolbar - fig. 4.4.

Rice. 4.4. UCS Toolbar

UCS – definition of a new user coordinate system. UCS command request:

Current ucs name: *WORLD* – current UCS

Specify origin of UCS or : – set the key

World – transition to the world coordinate system.

UCS Previous – restoration of the previous UCS. In this case, the ten most recently defined UCSs are retained.

Face UCS - Define a custom coordinate system by simply pointing to a face.

Object – align the coordinate system to an existing object.

View – alignment of the coordinate system in the direction of the current view, that is, defining a new coordinate system with the plane XY, perpendicular to the direction of the view (in other words, parallel to the screen).

Origin – placement of the UCS at the origin.

Z Axis Vector – defines a new positive axis direction.

3 Point – defining a new origin and direction of the axes X And Y at three points.

X – rotation of the coordinate system around the axis X.

Y – rotation of the coordinate system around the axis Y.

Z – rotation of the coordinate system around an axis Z.

Apply – Applies the current UCS to the selected viewport.

Coordinate systems are controlled using the command DDUCS, called up from the Tools > Named UCS... drop-down menu or by clicking on the Named UCS... icon on the UCSII toolbar. On the Named UCSs tab of the UCS dialog box, you can assign a unique name to any custom coordinate system.

Later, by opening the Named UCSs tab of the UCS dialog box, you can restore the user coordinate system using the previously specified name. In Fig. Figure 4.5 shows the Named UCSs tab of this window with previously created user coordinate systems. To make a coordinate system current, you need to hover your mouse over its name and click on the Set Current button.

Rice. 4.5. Dialog box for managing named UCSs

To add a new custom coordinate system, you must assign a unique name to the current UCS with the standard name Unnamed. To do this, just click on the name of the current UCS and type a new one from the keyboard in the field that appears. Other standard names - World and Previous - are reserved for the world coordinate system and for the one that was used before the current one. Named custom coordinate systems are used in cases where the installed UCS, which you will have to work with repeatedly in the future, does not coincide with the standard one. If custom coordinate systems have been defined as named, they can be easily restored in the UCS dialog box on the Named UCSs tab.

To delete a user system, place the mouse pointer over its name and press the Delete key.

Working with UCS in Viewports

Various views of the model are displayed on viewports. For example, sometimes you want to create four viewports to show your model at the top, right, left, and bottom. To improve your experience, you can define and save a separate UCS for each viewport. In this case, when switching between viewports, information about the UCS of each of them is not lost.

The Settings tab of the UCS dialog box allows you to set different display modes for the UCS icon. Moreover, display parameters can be set either separately for the current viewport, or for all active viewports of the current drawing at once. Here you can also specify whether the coordinate system should be saved with the viewport, and also whether the viewport should always show a plan view of the model.

Selecting a default user coordinate system

The orientation of the current UCS depending on the world coordinate system, the previous UCS or the UCS set for the current view can be changed in the UCS dialog box, on the Orthographic UCSs tab, shown in Fig. 4.6. In this case, it is enough to select an object and execute the DDUCSP command, called from the Tools > Named UCS… drop-down menu.

Rice. 4.6. Standard UCS dialog box

Using this command, you can define a new custom coordinate system in relation to either the world one or the current one by selecting the appropriate slide in the dialog box. The DDUCSP command is used primarily to transfer a custom coordinate system from one orthographic projection to another.

AutoCAD has six standard orthogonal UCSs: top, bottom, front, back, left, and right. By default, the parameters of orthogonal UCSs are calculated relative to the MCS.

The standard coordinate system is convenient to use when moving from one orthogonal projection of a three-dimensional object to another. Typically, these projections are located in adjacent windows, and a sign of correct installation of the UCS is considered to be the display of the correct coordinate system icon (axis) in the required window X directed to the right, axis Y– up). Since the set of standard coordinate systems is limited, a tabular method for determining them is optimal.

Training system

Complete exercises Ucs1–Ucs3 from section 5.

By default, the AutoCAD coordinate system is World coordinate system , which is further denoted MSK. When you start a new drawing, AutoCAD takes you to MSC. Coordinates in the MCS represent a displacement along the horizontal axis (X-axis), passing from left to right, and a displacement along the vertical axis (Y-axis), passing from bottom to top. Displacements are counted from the accepted zero point, initially located in the lower left corner of the sheet. Shifts to the right along the X-axis and up along the Y-axis are considered positive. The zero point is called the origin and is described by coordinates 0,0 . Figure 4 shows a point with coordinates 0,0 (in the status line 0.0000, 0.0000, 0.0000). (There is also a Z offset perpendicular to the paper plane, which is used when working with 3D objects, so three coordinates are displayed.)

Although the default is the World coordinate system, you can create your own coordinate systems called Custom coordinate systems or PSK. The USC icon is identical to the MSC, except that there is no square in the USC icon.

Team Start of the PSK allows you to place the origin point 0,0 anywhere, which makes it possible to work relative to any selected point.

To display the panel PSK, need to install a tab View Toolbar

AutoCAD and place the bird near PSK

For convenient work, you can also display Menu bar. Click on the triangle

and in the drop-down menu select: Show menu bar

Let's look at the basic AutoCAD settings that need to be made before starting work.

Please note that in the lower left corner of the AutoCAD graphic zone coordinate system icon(PSK) was “in its place.” What am I talking about? The UCS is two arrows that show the positive direction of the X, Y coordinate axes. It is necessary that the UCS itself coincides with the actual point of origin - this is the intersection of the green and red lines (coordinate axes). If you do not see such lines, then use the scroll bars to move the graphic area down and to the left until the coordinate axes appear. As soon as they appear, the UCS itself will “stick” to the origin point.

By default, the color of the AutoCAD graphic zone is dark. This is done so that the user’s eyes get less tired while working. If you are uncomfortable working with this color scheme, you can switch to a more familiar white background. To do this, in the “Settings” window on the “Display” tab, set the appropriate value for the “Color Scheme” option. The "Settings" window is called up by clicking the gear icon, which is located in the lower right corner of the screen (fifth from the right).

If for some reason you need to expand the graphic area of ​​AutoCAD, then you can use the far right button in the lower right corner of the screen “Clear screen” (or the key combination Ctrl+0), which will remove all elements of the AutoCAD window and expand the space for drawing work. Pressing the button or key combination again will restore the previous screen appearance.

By default, the AutoCAD menu bar is not displayed in any of the operating modes. All tools can be accessed through tool ribbons. As a last resort, if you can’t find the tool you need or remember the command, you can always use the quick search. To do this, click the application button “A” (located in the upper left corner) and in the window that appears, enter the desired query in the search bar (located at the top). If the request is entered correctly, the system will provide a number of hint links, following which you will receive the necessary information.

If you have a nice large monitor (diagonal 21 inches or more), then it would be quite reasonable to display a couple of menu lines with the most frequently used commands, which will save time when creating drawings. To do this, on the “View” ribbon, select the “Toolbars” menu on the far right and in the list that appears, select the checkboxes opposite the desired menu lines. The most commonly used ones are "Editing" and "Drawing". After which these two menu strips will appear along the left and right edges of the AutoCAD graphic area.

Switching the current editing command is done by pressing “Space” or “Enter”.

You can perform group editing of objects. To do this, you need to mark the “handles” (click once while holding down “Shift”) and edit in the usual way.

Handle capabilities:

· Clicking on endpoint handles allows you to stretch objects.

· Clicking on the midpoints of the lines allows you to move the entire line.

· When you click on overlapping handles at the junction of two objects, both handles will be selected at the same time.

· You can select multiple handles by pressing the Shift key and clicking on the corresponding points.

· When you select the active handle, the commands available are Stretch, Move, Rotate, Scale and Mirror.

· You can cycle through these commands by pressing the Enter key while the active pen is highlighted.

· All commands for working with active handles support copying selected objects, both by directly entering the copy command and by pressing the Shift key while selecting a point.

· All commands for active grips allow you to select a base point other than the active grip.

Arrangement of handles on primitives

Primitive Location of handles

Point On point.

Segment In the middle and at the ends of the segment.

Polyline At the vertices of straight line segments and networks. At the end points and midpoints of arc segments.

Arc In the middle and at the ends.

Circle At the points of the quadrants (in the UCS) and in the center.

Shape At insertion point.

Strip In four vertices.

Text At the insertion point and the second alignment point, if any.

Attribute definition At the insertion point and the second alignment point, if any.

Attribute At insertion point and second alignment point, if any.

Figure With three or four vertices.

Dimension Centers the dimension text for all dimension types.

Inverted or At the end points of dimension and extension lines and at the center of dimension text.

parallel

Angular At the end points of extension lines and at points defining the position of a dimension arc, as well as at the center of dimension text.

Radius or diameter At the end points of a dimension line and also at the center of dimension text.

Ordinate At the measured point and at a user-specified leader point. and also in the center of the leader, and also in the center.

To enable handles, use the DDGRIPS command or the Tools ® Options menu. Select the Selection tab. The window that opens contains a group of controls under the general name Grips.

14. Coordinate systems. World coordinate system. Custom coordinate system. PSC teams.

Coordinate values, regardless of the input method, are always associated with some coordinate system. By default, AutoCad uses the so-called World Coordinate System (WCS). It is defined so that the OX axis is directed from left to right, the OU axis is directed from bottom to top, and the OZ axis is perpendicular to the screen outward. No changes to the MSK are allowed. In addition to the world one, there is also a user coordinate system (UCS).

World coordinate system Custom coordinate system

The main difference between the world coordinate system and the user one is that there can only be one world coordinate system and it is stationary. The use of a custom coordinate system has no restrictions. The user coordinate system can be located at any point in space at any angle to the world one. You are allowed to define, save and restore an unlimited number of custom coordinate systems. It is easier to align a coordinate system with an existing geometric object than to determine the exact placement of a 3D point.

To change the position of the UCS, the following methods are used:

· defining a new XY plane or a new Z axis;

· setting a new origin;

· combining the UCS with an existing object;

· combining the UCS with the face of the body;

· combining the UCS with the direction of view;

· rotation of the UCS around one of its axes;

· setting the XY plane of the UCS perpendicular to the direction selected as the Z axis;

· restoration of a previously saved UCS;

· application of an existing UCS to any viewport.

Placement, rotation, movement and display of the UCS is carried out by the UCS command. You can call the UCS or its variants from the command line or from the Tools drop-down menu.

The most convenient way is to call the UCS command from the standard or floating toolbar.

A custom coordinate system is designed to define a coordinate system in two- or three-dimensional space. One such coordinate system is the world coordinate system.

In the lower left corner of the AutoCad screen there is an L-shaped icon with the letters W, X and Y. The letter W indicates that the image is located relative to the world coordinate system, and X and Y indicate the positive direction of the X and Y axes. WCS (MSK) - it is the global reference system relative to which user coordinate systems are defined.

For simplicity, custom coordinate systems in AutoCad can be thought of as different drawing surfaces or two-dimensional planes. Specifying several UCS (UCS) allows you to draw a three-dimensional image as well as a two-dimensional one.

The user coordinate system can be located at any point in space at any angle to the world one. You are allowed to define, save and restore an unlimited number of UCSs. It is easier to align a coordinate system with an existing geometric object than to determine the exact placement of a 3D point. UCSs are usually used to work with fragments of a drawing located in different parts of it. Rotating the UCS makes it easier to specify points in 3D or rotated views. Nodal points and basic directions, determined by the SNAP (STEP), GRID (GRID), ORTO (ORTO) modes, are rotated along with the UCS.

Changing the current UCS does not affect the drawing display on the screen. If the UCS icon is enabled, it is redrawn according to the orientation of the new coordinate system.

PSC teams:

1 . Team UCS ( PSK) – definition of a new user coordinate system.

2 . Display UCS Dialog (UCS Dialog Box) - management of existing user coordinate systems from the UCS dialog box.

3 . UCS Previos (Previous UCS) – restoration of the previous UCS. in this case, the last 10 defined UCS are saved.

4 . World UCS (MSK) – transition to the world coordinate system.

5 . Object UCS (PSK Object) – alignment of the coordinate system to an existing object.

6 . Face UCS (PSK on the verge) – specifying a custom coordinate system by simply pointing to a face.

7. Viev UCS (PSK view) – alignment of the coordinate system in the direction of the current view, i.e. Define a new coordinate system with an XY plane perpendicular to the view direction (parallel to the screen).

8. Origin UCS (PSC start) – offset of the origin.

9. ZAxis Vector UCS ( PSK Z axis) – determination of the new positive direction of the axis.

10. 3 Point UCS (UCS 3 points) – defining a new origin and direction of the X and Y axes.

11. XAxis Rotate UCS (UCS rotate around X) – rotation of the coordinate system around the X axis.

12. YAxis Rotate UCS (PSK rotate around Y ) – rotation of the coordinate system around the Y axis.

13. ZAxis Rotate UCS (UCS rotate around Z) – rotation of the coordinate system around the Z axis.

14. Apply UCS (Apply UCS) – Applies the current UCS to the selected viewport.

15. Making inscriptions on drawings. Control codes. Teams.

Inscriptions can be created using com TEXT (text) or MTEXT .

In the first case, a primitive text is created, in the second, a multitext

DRAW (drawing)-> TEXT

Team MTEXT allows you to create entire paragraphs of fairly long text in a drawing with the ability to align and edit.

If you need to insert special characters into the text or get overlined or underlined characters, then use the following. managed codes:

%%nnn – inserts a character with number nnn

%%o – on/off underlining

%%u – enable/disable underlining

%%d – inserts a degree symbol

%%p – insert a plus or minus symbol

%%c – insert a diameter symbol

%%% - insert a percentage symbol

The overline and underline modes can operate simultaneously.

When the end of the line is reached, both modes are disabled.

Comms for entering text on a drawing:

DTEXT– input of multi-line text (up to 6 lines)

Multilinetext– creating multi-line text (more than 300 lines)

Singlelinetext– input of one line of text information

Edittext– editing text and attributes

TEXTSTYLE– setting different types of text font.

16. Hatching. Hatching modes. Teams.

Hatching can be specified through the HATCH command of the DRAW section of the on-screen menu or through the HATCH button on the DRAW toolbar. The HATCH (VNATSH) command allows you to hatch an area bounded by a closed line(s), either by simply specifying points within the path or by selecting objects. It automatically detects a path and ignores primitives that are not part of the path. Having a closed outline ensures that the shading is done correctly. The Composition field is of great importance. It sets or removes the hatch associativity property. If the hatch is associative, then it is attached to the outer contour. In this case, when the contour changes, the hatching is automatically recalculated