Name the necessary devices and tools for taking a terrain plan. How is the tablet oriented? How to draw a direction from a point? How is distance determined and indicated?

The plan of the earth's surface is drawn up on the basis of photographs taken from an airplane (Fig. 24). In addition, the plan of a small area can be taken using measurements while on the surface of the Earth.

Rice. 24. Shooting a plan of the earth's surface from an airplane.

1. Preparatory work. To shoot a terrain plan, the tools you used in elementary school are enough. Thick white paper is glued onto a sheet of plywood measuring 40x30 cm. In the upper corner on the left, a compass is attached with wax so that the letter “C” is in the upper part (Fig. 25). A north-south direction indicator is placed on the same edge of the paper, and a linear scale is drawn below. It is signed in accordance with the accepted scale.

Rice. 25. Tablet and sight line.

When shooting any point on the earth's surface, the tablet is first oriented using a compass. To do this, you need to turn the magnetic needle so that its direction matches the direction of the pointer on the paper. Now the tablet is ready for filming work. To take a plan of the earth's surface, depending on the size of the area, use various ways. Let's look at the simplest of them.

2. Polar. The method is used to take a plan of a small area. These surveys are carried out from one point on the earth's surface, called a pole. That’s why this type of photography is called polar photography. For example, Figure 26 shows that it is necessary to survey a small area of ​​the terrain. The shooting pole is chosen from the middle of the area, from where it is clearly visible. The student (observer), after orienting the tablet on the drawing, marks the point of his location (point A). Then draws lines to the tree (1), as well as to the points (2, 3, 4, 5), showing the bends of the river. Measures the distance to sighted objects. Using the selected scale, plots the distance on the tablet. A separate tree, bush, river and meadow is indicated by conventional signs.

Rice. 26. Polar method.

3. Perpendicular method. Using this method, it is convenient to include in the plan objects located close to the road: a forest, a river, a forester’s house, etc.

Rice. 27. Shooting a terrain plan using the perpendicular method.

Figure 27 shows the procedure for including part of the river and its left bank in the plan. Scale 1:1000 (1cm-10m). At point No. 1 on the tablet, orienting by the compass, draw the direction on paper. From this point to the left, towards the forest, we draw perpendicular lines. For example, the measured length is 20 m. In the direction of the line, in accordance with the scale, we will set aside a segment of 2 cm. Then to the right in the direction of the river we draw a perpendicular and on it we set aside a distance of 22 m, which corresponds to a segment of 2.2 cm. Upon completion of work at point No. 1, we measure the distance in the main direction to point No. 2. To find point No. 2, you need to set aside a distance of 40 m on a scale (4 cm). From this point, we will draw perpendicular lines to the right and left and designate the forester’s house, the edge of the forest and the bend of the river. Along the way, we will introduce the designations of swamp and meadow.
In this way, work is carried out at points No. 3, No. 4. Using this method It’s convenient to photograph the outlines of forests, groves, rivers, etc.

4. Walking method (route survey). To photograph a plan of a large area, it is necessary to completely walk around the area. To do this, choose a route along a road, river, bank, ravine, forest edge, etc. (Fig. 28). In this case, the survey of the area plan is carried out in a mixed way.

Rice. 28. Shooting the area using a walking method.

The work is performed in the following order:
1) at each point the tablet is oriented according to the compass and relative to terrain landmarks;
2) after drawing the nearest objects on the plan, determine the direction to the next point and draw a line to it;
3) measure the distance from one point to the second and mark it according to the taken scale;
4) objects located along the road are removed using the perpendicular or polar method.

5. Final works. After completing field work, the captured house plan is processed. Placed points, lines drawn between them and additional lines are erased. The necessary symbols of terrain objects and explanatory inscriptions are affixed.

1. How are the preparatory work carried out for taking a site plan?

2. How do you orient the tablet?

3. What methods are used to survey the area?

4. Make a plan of the schoolyard using the polar survey method.

5. Using the perpendicular method, draw a plan of the road or part of the river.

6*. During the excursion, make a plan for how to get around this area.

(continuation, beginning: Part 1, Part 2, Part 3, Part 4)

Dedicated to the organizers of the oriental starts

• Sometimes I hear what difficulties organizers of various trail races face. And they should come up with a route, and mark the route, and make sure that no one removes the markings, and organize food and record the results from the general start, and gather a bunch of volunteers for this work, using a tiny starting contribution of several hundred, or even thousands rubles from participants.
  

⬇️

(continuation, beginning: Part 1, Part 2, Part 3)

• “How do orienteering athletes train?” you ask, without even suspecting that the answer to this question expresses the whole essence of orienteering. Just as when choosing the option of moving from checkpoint to checkpoint from a variety of possible ones, the training of an orienteer is varied and multifaceted. It’s impossible to count how many methods have been invented and tested by trainers. Some people focus on athletic training, some on the technical part, and others are looking for a middle ground that can fit perfectly into the intervals between competitions. There are not many coaches and athletes willing to share their secrets. But there are also exceptions. Meet Leonid Novikov.

⬇️

(continuation, beginning: Part 1, Part 2)

• Many of my friends, when they learn about orienteering on skis, are very surprised and ask: “How can you navigate on skis? The snow in the forest is waist-deep. Hunting or something? Where’s the map?”

⬇️

(continued, beginning )

• First, let's look at the classic type of orienteering, this is an interval forest start in a given direction.
  So, you are on the approaches to the starting corridor, 3-4 minutes before the start. Every minute the start clock beeps, at the command of which your next opponent finds himself face to face with the distance, bringing your same fate closer by another minute. Usually, before the starting corridor, participants are asked to clear the memory of the electronic mark chip and check the cleaning. You should not neglect this operation, despite the fact that the memory of modern chips is quite large, but it is better to spend a couple of seconds on this before entering the corridor so as not to waste your nerves at a distance.

⬇️

• It seems to me that the moment has come when it became necessary to tell those of you who, quite by chance, jumped onto the orienteering website of the Novosibirsk region, what such an exotic sport as orienteering is.

⬇️

People who decide to take part in bicycle orienteering for the first time are sometimes surprised and ask why this plastic platform is needed on top of the handlebars. Most, of course, guess that its main purpose is to store a card, but not everyone understands all the advantages of this design.

The most obvious benefit is storing and accessing the map while on the move. There is no need to stop, take out the card, and then pack it again in your pocket, backpack or “in your teeth” (yes, some people even travel like this).

A map is a miniature representation of an area, such as a forest, park, or part of a city. In life, we often come across maps, from paper to electronic, but orienteering maps are special :) These are detailed maps of the area, where even deep in the forest every clearing, hole or fallen tree is marked. Such cards are made in special symbols. Just as reading a book requires knowledge of the alphabet, working with a map requires knowledge of the symbols and designations used in it. And the better you know these symbols, the deeper and more detailed you understand the map.

Tablets for orienteering on a bicycle or skis are a rather rare and even exotic type of sports equipment, and they are unlikely to be found in any sports store. Therefore, below is a list of places where you can get them.

Don’t forget that you can assemble a simple cycling tablet yourself using available materials.

Bicycle orienteering (mountain bike orienteering, MTVO, bike orientation) is a sport that attracts both orienteers and mountain bike enthusiasts. The essence of the MTBO competition is that a participant on a bicycle must follow a given route in an unfamiliar area, using only the help of a map and compass.

Somewhere along the route (or they say at a distance) there are checkpoints (abbreviated as CP), which are mandatory points to visit. Between them, the athlete is free to move as he pleases, choosing the optimal path for himself. The winner is determined by the time spent completing the distance, subject to visiting all specified checkpoints.

A bicycle tablet for beginners is not a mandatory thing, but those who have already participated in bicycle orienteering understand that it is still more convenient with it :)

The simplest card holder can be a plastic file with a clasp and a string attached to put it around the neck.

Here we will describe in more detail how to assemble a more advanced tablet yourself. We will need the following parts: planchette, clamp, screw, nut and washer, 3-4 rubber bands. That's all you need for a budget solution.

Imagine that you are running through the forest, there is not a trace around. The sun is shining, the birds are singing, nature is beautiful and serene. Not a soul, you are in the heat of the race. Perspiration covers your face, and your heart is beating so fast that it seems like it’s about to jump out of your chest. You are filled with excitement, excitement and restlessness. Before a run, you don't waste time looking at the mirror. Success doesn't depend on how well you dress. You have a map and a compass in your hands, a fleeting glance at them - and you map out your path to the smallest detail, step by step... You enjoy your speed and feel the taste of victory. No matter how old you are, you can run whenever you need it. The forest is waiting for only one thing: for you to return...

Articles and Lifehacks

A navigator for a car, like a tablet computer, is a portable computer, and it is important for the user to know how to turn a navigator into a tablet.

The advantages of such a tablet

• Navigators equipped with less powerful devices often have low-resolution screens.
• For more powerful processor coordinates calculation and launch are faster additional applications(viewing the situation on the road).
• In addition, devices differ in screen sizes: a tablet contains a more detailed amount of information.
• However, a larger device is more difficult to place in a vehicle without obstructing your view.

When leaving the car, it is advisable to take the navigator with you, but it will no longer be useful. If you use a tablet, then in such a situation the tablet can be used outside the car.

It is more convenient to operate the navigation software(it’s easier to install the update on a tablet). Tablet computers also have a fast start option.

Due to its size, it is difficult to mount the tablet on the windshield.

When using a tablet in a car, additional Charger, which will allow you to maintain a certain charge level battery during the operating time of the device.

The main features of such devices

1. First, by entering the menu, you need to select the “Settings” section, in which you should go to the “Location” tab. The user will be offered several options for determining his location.
2. If there is an option " GPS satellites"This item must be marked.
3. Using tablet computer as a navigator you need to find it in the main menu and launch special program with cards.
4. To avoid traffic costs, when determining the owner's location, he will be prompted to connect Wi-Fi.
5. By selecting the pointer icon, the user will receive a proposal in the window that appears indicating the most convenient route of travel.
6. The user needs to indicate the end point of movement, press the “Get Route” button and wait for the map to appear.

   It will mark the route (indicating possible turns and traffic jams) and the estimated time during which the user will be able to get to the desired destination.

The emergence and application of new equipment and technology allows people to reduce the time it takes to perform any actions and operations in certain areas of activity. This article will discuss the use of GPS technology in compiling sports maps.

All of the following is not a guide to using the programs and navigator. This is a description of working with a GPS navigator by the Russian compiler Konstantin Tokmakov, based on his personal experience. Use in article specific names companies, programs, and links are not advertising.

1. Minimum Requirements to GPS navigator

The GPS navigator must have good antenna(preferably remote), the ability to mark waypoints, record tracks and save them on the computer. The authors of the article used a Garmin GPS navigator, GPSmap-60 series.

2. Preparing the image for preliminary work on the ground

The image is prepared using the program SAS.Planet http://sasgis.ru.

Working in the SAS.Planet program.

3. Determination of magnetic north in the image.

Determination of magnetic north in the image is carried out using the program OziExplorer. This program can be found at www.oziexplorer.com.

4. Drawing lines of the magnetic meridian onto the image

To draw magnetic meridian lines on a picture, open the *.jpg file in any graphic editor, For example Adobe Photoshop, and draw north lines taking into account the known degree of declination.

5. Preliminary work on the ground with a GPS navigator

At the preliminary stage of working on the ground, it is necessary to create a network of waypoints in a GPS navigator, as well as pass linear landmarks with track recording turned on. On the ground, the location of the waypoint must be indicated using a bright tag with the point number printed on it. In a GPS navigator, it is advisable to set a point with the position averaging function enabled. The approximate accuracy of the waypoint should be less than 5 meters.

It has been experimentally established that each waypoint relative to the other should be within a radius of no more than 150 m.

6. Uploading information from a GPS navigator

Working in the OziExplorer program.

7. Print and save a snapshot with tracks and waypoints

Working in the OziExplorer program.

The settings are completed, the image can be printed. It turns out something like this:

This picture with track points will be the basis that is placed on the tablet for direct drawing of the map.

To save tracks and waypoints to the menu File(File) select the command Save(Save to File). Select the command from the drop-down list Save Waypoints(Save Waypoint to File). Create a folder for waypoints and save. We save the tracks in the same way by selecting the command Save Track(Save Track to File).

8. Work on the ground using prepared materials and a GPS navigator

On the ground, being in any location we need this moment location, using the navigator we determine the azimuth and distance for the nearest base waypoint. On the tablet, we plot these values ​​from the base waypoint and get our location point on the created map.

Thus, with the help of a GPS navigator and an image, the accuracy of the planned justification of the future map increases, and for the compiler the amount of work associated with measuring distances and directions is significantly reduced.

We can only wish everyone success in using modern equipment and technology and good weather in the “field”!

Konstantin Tokmakov (St. Petersburg)
Polina Razdrobenko (Vitebsk)
16.12.2010

Comments

Gennady

Yes, with sophisticated equipment, it’s probably a little complicated.... I’ve been drawing maps for a long time, I have my own methodology and “bells and whistles”. In Penza my cards are considered the best. I don’t take anything as a basis. Waste of time. But I would like to communicate with the draftsmen.

please discuss one interesting Google feature Earth: due to my incompetence in this matter. I'm 17 years old and I'm interested in cartography. I studied many techniques that you all suggested. I found the base of the polygon, took the tablet and went to draw. WHEN SEARCHING FOR THE UNDERGROUND IN GOOGLE, I FOUND THE HEIGHT ABOVE SEA LEVEL IN THE BOTTOM RIGHT CORNER (as I moved along the relief, I noticed a change in the height reading). I made anchor points (signing the height), connected them in okad8, it turned out to be quite truthful painting. I run around this map myself (the similarity is quite good) Question: WHAT DID I GET? CAN THIS METHOD BE USED TO DRAW A MAP? WHO IS INTERESTED IN THE RESULT OF MY AMATEUR ACTIVITY, write

17:31 15.12.2013

Anton, finish at least 3rd school and get off the caps.

On topic: to rotate the substrate, you can look on the Internet for the declination for the nearest airfield. Next, you have a choice: either rotate the image in Photoshop by the specified value, or directly in the backing parameters in Okada.

Alexey Isakov

Hello everyone, there seem to be few comments. Probably our occupation is too specific. I live in the city of Svobodny in the Amur region. I drew 4 cards. I take pictures from Google Earth, copy several adjacent sections of the desired terrain in a large zoom (the main thing is not to change the zoom when moving), knowing our magnetic declination (we have +12 degrees), I rotate all the copied pieces. I print it out on a color printer, glue the entire picture together (it may be about 1 sq. m.) I go to paint with ordinary plastic, placing individual parts of the picture under it. Its scale is not always convenient, so I calculate it in advance and make a cheat sheet of how many millimeters are in 1,2,3,4,5 meters, etc. The main objects in the photo are clearly visible through the plastic, I find small things on the ground and complete the drawing. I don’t draw for more than 2 hours at a time. At home, plastic along with a substrate for the scanner, then into Okad, the card grows gradually. The last relief in the old way with a rod and a weight from the bottom up along the main paths, open slopes (the rod is 1.25 m high so that 4 measurements are obtained at 5 meters) I wanted to learn how to draw on a tablet with a stylus and a navigator, but I’m afraid to make a mistake with the choice and how to do it do it right?

Gennady, tell us briefly about your methodology. Interesting after all

22:37 31.03.2015

I drew five maps. Beginning: I take a photo from Sasplanet and a relief from the American Earth scan. I convert American data into Ocad11. Field work was carried out using a Holux 245 logger. I linked roads and forest boundaries with a photo from Sasplanet, and used passage tracks. Office work was carried out in OCAD-9.4. I draw on plain writing paper. I draw the relief using tracks of passages, passage along horizontal lines.

23:39 15.09.2015

Gennady is stuck.

15:40 19.10.2015

I want to clarify my previous comment. I drew six cards. Beginning: I download a photograph of the future competition area using the Sasplanet program. I take the relief from the American Earth scan. In Ocad11 I convert American data into .gps format. Graduation every four meters. The relief is very simplified. Field work was carried out using a Holux 245 logger. I first walked around the competition area using the boundary points of a photo taken by Sasplanet (which are clearly visible). Office work was carried out in OCAD-9.4. I am uploading a track of the round of the competition area.gps file. Loading.gps terrain. I upload a Sasplanet photograph as a background. I linked the boundary points of the photograph with Sasplanet, I used passage tracks. I receive a preliminary map which I print out in black and white format 1 cm: 50 meters. I go out into the forest and draw on plain writing paper. At first I used a tablet with lavsan tracing paper, but then gave up. OCAD-9.4 does not want to be friends with the Holux 245 logger, it does not see it. Laptop maximum time I work for four hours and have to walk for up to eight hours. I draw the relief using tracks of passages, passage along horizontal lines. First I apply the relief on the paper as I see it. At home in OCAD-9.4 I load the track and a scanned drawing map (field work). I'm drawing a map. Lately, the GPS track has been malfunctioning, I can’t understand why.

17:23 25.12.2015

I found a cracked OCAD 11 Russified. Installed. I tried to find a description of how OCAD 11 works in Russian. Have not found. If anyone knows the link please give it [email protected].

Anonymous

In the example given, between points 255 and 151, you can see two non-coinciding lines, I assume that in fact these are tracks from a repeated passage along the same route. Which one should I use? If you generalize, there is a chance of losing small details, although this is not always important. In addition, when recording a track, significant surges from reflected signals and loss of accuracy may occur when the number of satellites decreases or when passing through deep hollows and/or under thick crowns. It can be very difficult to identify such a non-systematic error in the future. If, when recording a track, you do not add details along it, which is a solvable but non-trivial task, you will still have to go through it later with precise shooting or add details by eye, which can lead to distortions and deterioration in the quality of the map. Besides, Appliances They usually approximate the route using their own mysterious algorithms and can add errors. In general, shooting tracks is more harmful than useful. Excessive thickening of base points is also not always good. The fact is that the error of each point is constant, and if special measures are not taken, it can deviate from the true position by 10-15 meters or more. For two conjugate points, the error can double, i.e. and have an absolute value of 20-30 meters, which is completely unacceptable when the distance between the base points is 150 meters. Taking this into account, the distance between the base points should not be less than 300 meters. Of course, the accuracy of surveying base points can be increased to a guaranteed 4-5 meters and higher, through a series of repeated measurements with a hardware restart of the receiver, but this requires a significant time investment and can only be justified in extremely difficult terrain. Usually the same 300-400 meters of interval between points is sufficient. At this distance, manual shooting acceleration gives an almost ideal result. All of the above applies to household receivers and is excluded by the use of professional geodetic instruments with DGPS or another error compensation system.

19:08 10.04.2017

(Anonymous) The Holux 245 logger gives movement errors of a maximum of 3-5 meters in the forest (guaranteed), in urban areas the error is crazy. It is not possible to use it. The logger made friends with the computer. With simple terrain, I take the computer to the forest from the first steps of drawing. A little heavy and not very long battery life. At the final stage of working on the map, I definitely take a computer with a logger. I'm looking for a lightweight and durable tablet, with a low price.

13:39 16.05.2017

(Filipov) Are there examples of work where you can see your maps?

Log in to the orienteering website in the Kirovograd region of Ukraine on Facebook, or give the link by email (see above).

22:42 16.07.2017

I bought Panasonic Model CF-U1 series. A good option for working as a sports map adjuster (GPS and Ocad11 in one device). The price is off the charts.

13:47 19.09.2017

I drew nine cards. I speak from my own experience - a lot of garbage has been printed. Even by me.

13:52 26.10.2017

The ability of an orienteering map designer largely depends on funding and technical capabilities. However, the speed of drawing is highly dependent on many factors: the experience of the cartographer, the availability and quality of the bases used (aerial photographs, topographic bases, Lidar data), the complexity and richness of the terrain itself, the time of year, and so on. 1. Aerial photographs: I download a photograph of the future competition area using the Sasplanet program. I link the image to Global Mapper. Uploading to Ocad11. 2. I take the relief from the American Earth scan. In Ocad11 I convert American data into horizontal lines. The gradation is two and a half meters, more or less is possible. The relief is very simplified. If possible, I get 1:100m topographic maps (digitization is labor-intensive, but there are paid programs). If you have Lidar data, everything is simplified, but you need Ocad12, which is not possible in Ukraine (for the Baltic states the cost is 20 € per sq. km). In Ukraine, it is possible to obtain an orth scan of land (90 UAH per hundred square meters or 9,000 UAH per sq. km). 3. Field work: I draw a map using GPS: Field work was carried out using a Holux 245 logger (spare track) and a Panasonic model CF-U1 series. A backup option is drawing on paper.

Selected materials from the book by Elakhovsky S.B. " Orienteering by ski"

Foreign tablets for ski orienteering:

Babylon - Universal wire frame of the "collar" type. Cheap tablet for children and beginners with a table 250*250 mm made of cellular polypropylene. Fastener type "Fast" on one side of the chest harness. Fully adjustable chest harness vertically and horizontally. Smooth adjustment of the table extension position. Folds up and down. Safe in case of falls. The table is equipped with two elastic bands for attaching the card. Folds flat for transport. Compass holder is optional (plastic +50rub., metal +100rub.)

800 rub.

Univers - Universal frame. Traditional tablet with a curved table 250*250 mm. "Fast" type fasteners on one side of the chest harness. Fully adjustable chest harness vertically and horizontally. Compass holder located below the table level, allows you to install any type of flask. Smooth adjustment of the position of the "Arc" type stem. Folds up and down.

1600 rub.

Polaris - Universal frame. Special tablet with a curved table 250*250 mm. "Fast" type fasteners on one side of the chest harness. Fully adjustable chest harness vertically and horizontally. Compass is installed to take out the table. Smooth adjustment of the position of the "Arrow" type stem. Folds up and down. Recommendations from experts!!!

1600 rub.