The title of historian is great and responsible. We know Herodotus, Plutarch, Tacitus, and N.M. Karamzin. But for Russian history there is no higher authority, no higher name, than the monk (c. 1056–114) - monk of the Kiev Pechersk Lavra, father of Russian history.

November 9 The day of memory of the chronicler Nestor is celebrated. The years of his life fell on the 11th century. For him, just recently, in 988, the waters of the Dnieper received the baptized Kievites; witnesses of this miracle were still alive. But Rus' has already been overtaken by civil strife and attacks by external enemies. The descendants of Prince Vladimir could not or did not want to be united; with each decade, internecine strife among the princes increased.

Scientist monk Nestor

Who was the Monk Nestor? Tradition says that, being a seventeen-year-old boy, he came to the monastery of the holy elder Theodosius of Pechersk(c. 1008–May 3, 1074), where he was ordained a monk. There is no doubt that Nestor came to the monastery already quite literate and even, by the level of that time, an educated young man. By that time, there were many teachers in Kyiv from whom Nestor could study.

At that time, according to the Monk Nestor

Chernetsy, like luminaries, shone in Rus'. Some were strong teachers, others were strong in vigils or in kneeling prayer; some fasted every other day and every other day, others ate only bread and water; some are boiled potions, others are only raw.

Everyone was in love: the younger ones submitted to the elders, not daring to speak in front of them, and expressed humility and obedience; and the elders showed love to the younger ones, instructed and consoled them, like fathers of small children. If any brother fell into any sin, they consoled him and, out of great love, divided the penance between two and three. Such was mutual love, with strict abstinence.

And the days of monk Nestor were indistinguishable from the days of other monks. Only his obedience was different: with the blessing of the abbot Theodosius of Pechersk wrote the history of Rus'. In his literary works, the chronicler calls himself “ sinful», « damned», « an unworthy servant of God" In these assessments of oneself, humility and fear of God are manifested: a person who has reached such heights of humility sees the smallest sins in his soul. To imagine the spiritual level of the saints, it is enough to delve into this saying: “ The saints mistook the shadow of the thought of sin for sin", even the slightest thought, and often even mourned their virtues as sins.

The first literary works of Nestor the Chronicler

The first in time was the work of Nestor " The life of the holy princes Boris and Gleb, named Roman and Davyd in holy baptism" It contains high prayerfulness, accuracy of description, and moralizing. Nestor speaks about the creation of man, his fall and his rise by the grace of God. In the words of the chronicler one can see a grave sadness that the Christian faith is slowly spreading in Rus'. Nestor writes:

While Christians multiplied everywhere and idol altars were abolished, the Russian country remained in its former idolatrous delusion, because it did not hear a word from anyone about our Lord Jesus Christ; the apostles did not come to us and no one preached the word of God.

The second, and no less interesting and significant work of the chronicler is “ Life of St. Theodosius of Pechersk" Nestor, as a very young novice, saw Saint Theodosius, then, many years later, he participated in the discovery of the relics of the monk, and so he compiled his biography. It is written simply and with inspiration.

“My goal,” writes Nestor, “is that the future monks after us, reading the life of the saint and seeing his valor, glorify God, glorify the saint of God and be strengthened for feat, especially because such a man and saint of God appeared in the Russian country.

Nestor's chronicle "The Tale of Bygone Years"

The main feat of the life of the Monk Nestor was the compilation by 1112–1113 "Tales of Bygone Years." An unusually wide range of sources, interpreted from a single, ecclesiastical point of view, allowed St. Nestor to write the history of Rus' as component world history, the history of the salvation of the human race. " The Tale of Bygone Years"came down to us as part of later codes:

1. Laurentian Chronicle(1377)
2. First Novgorod Chronicle(XIV century) and
3. Ipatiev Chronicle(XV century).

It is assumed that Nestor used the material The most ancient arch(IX century), Nikon vault(70s of the 11th century) and Initial arch(1093–1095). The text has obvious echoes of the Byzantine chronicle George Amartola. The reliability and completeness of the writings of the Monk Nestor is such that to this day historians resort to them as the most important and reliable source of information about Ancient Rus'.

« The Tale of Bygone Years"- the great creation of the father of Russian history.
Not temporary, but temporary years, covering not some small period, but huge years of Russian life, an entire era. It is called in full as follows: “This is the story of the past years, where the Russian land came from, who in Kyiv began to be the first prince, and where the Russian land began to eat.”

History is interpreted by Nestor strictly from an Orthodox point of view. He talks about the saints equal to the apostles Cyril and Methodius, shows the great happiness of the Baptism of Rus', the fruits of its enlightenment. Equal to the Apostles Vladimir- the main character of “The Tale of Bygone Years” by Nestor. The chronicler compares him with John the Baptist. The exploits and life of the prince are depicted in detail and with love. The spiritual depth, historical fidelity and patriotism of The Tale of Bygone Years place it among the highest creations of world literature.

Chronicle of Nestor " The Tale of Bygone Years" cannot be called pure history, church or civil chronicle. This is also the history of the Russian people, the Russian nation, a reflection on the origins of Russian consciousness, Russian perception of the world, on the fate and attitude of a person of that time. This was not a simple listing of bright events or a familiar European biography, but a deep reflection on the place in the world of a new young people - the Russians. Where are we from? Why are they beautiful? How are we different from other nations?- these are the questions that faced Nestor.

"The Tale of Bygone Years." Research

The first researcher of The Tale of Bygone Years was a Russian historian and geographer V. N. Tatishchev. The archaeographer managed to find out a lot of interesting things about the chronicle P. M. Stroev. He expressed a new view of the “Tale of Bygone Years” as a collection of several earlier chronicles, and he began to consider all the chronicles that have reached us as such collections.

Famous Russian philologist and historian of the late 19th–20th centuries. A. A. Shakhmatov put forward the version that each of the chronicles is a historical work with its own political position, dictated by the place and time of creation. He connected the history of the chronicle with the history of the entire country. The results of his research are presented in the works “ Research on the most ancient Russian chronicles"(1908) and " The Tale of Bygone Years"(1916). According to Shakhmatov, Nestor wrote the first edition of The Tale of Bygone Years in the Kiev Pechersk Monastery in 1110–1112. The second edition was written by Abbot Sylvester in the Kiev Vydubitsky St. Michael's Monastery in 1116. In 1118, the third edition of the “Tale of Bygone Years” was compiled on behalf, or even political order, of the Novgorod prince Mstislav I Vladimirovich.

Soviet explorer D. S. Likhachev assumed that in the 30–40s of the 11th century, by order Yaroslav the Wise a recording was made of oral folk historical traditions about the spread of Christianity. This cycle served as the future basis for the chronicle.

Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin, creating your own chronicler Pimena in the drama " Boris Godunov"(1824–1825, published in 1831), took as a basis the character traits of the chronicler Nestor, who strives for the truth, even if someone does not like it, not at all " does not decorate the writer».

The Monk Nestor survived the fire and destruction of the Kiev Pechersk Lavra in 1196. His last works are permeated with the thought of the unity of Rus', of uniting it with the Christian faith. The chronicler bequeathed the Pechersk monks to continue their life’s work. His successors in the chronicles: Rev. Sylvester, abbot Vydubitsky Kyiv Monastery; abbot Moses, who extended the chronicle to 1200; abbot Lavrentiy- author of the famous Laurentian Chronicle of 1377. They all refer to the Monk Nestor: for them he is the highest teacher - both as a writer and as a prayer book.

As modern scientists have established, the Monk Nestor died at the age of 65. Now the relics of St. Nestor remain incorrupt in Nearby caves(Antoniev) Kiev-Pechersk Lavra. At the beginning of the 21st century " Society of History Lovers at Kiev University"The saint's shrine was bound with silver.

Attention to all lovers of Russian history
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Russian chronicle history is a monumental monument of ancient Russian book art, in terms of scale and breadth of coverage of historical events, as well as in the form of presentation of the material has no analogues in the world. The collection contains weather (by year) chronicles, stories, legends, lives of Russian chronicle history over four and a half centuries (XII-XVI centuries).

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