4. Click to paste the copy. AutoCAD will prompt:

Specify second point or :

Continue pasting points, creating multiple copies, as shown in Fig. 3.15.

5. To complete the command, press the key Enter select the Exit option or enter the letter E at the command line.

The MIRROR command creates a mirror (symmetrical) reflection of objects about the axis of symmetry defined by the two selected extreme points.

After running the MIRROR command, AutoCAD will prompt you:

Select objects:

Select the objects you want to reflect and press the key Enter to accept the selection set. AutoCAD will then prompt you to define the two extreme points of the line relative to which the selected objects should be reflected, as shown in Fig. 6.1.

Rice. 6.1. Selecting a centerline to mirror objects

After selecting the second point, the program will ask you whether to delete the initially selected objects:

:

You have a choice: leave the original objects in the drawing along with their copies, or leave only the reflected objects and delete the original ones. The default option is to not erase the original objects, so when you select this option, just press Enter. To erase original objects, you can select Yes or enter the Y command followed by pressing Enter. In any case, whatever your choice, the command ends up mirroring the object.

Typically, when you mirror an object with text, you want the text to retain its original left-to-right orientation (Figure 6.2).

Rice. 6.2. Preserving text orientation when flipping an object

The AutoCAD MIRRTEXT system variable controls the orientation of text when flipped. Setting this variable to 1 will cause the text to reverse completely, as shown in Figure. 6.3. If the MIRRTEXT variable is set to 0, then the text will retain its original orientation.

Rice. 6.3. Reverse text when flipped

By default, the MIRRTEXT system variable is set to 0.

Advice

To change this value, enter MIRRTEXT at the command line. At the prompt Enter new value for MIRRTEXT<0>: Enter the required value (0 or 1).

Let's look at the procedure for mirroring objects.

1. Open an existing drawing or create a new one containing a simple object.

2. Call the MIRROR command by clicking the corresponding button on the tab Home(Main) in group Modify Modify Modify > Mirror(Edit > Display). Another way is to enter the MIRROR command at the command line.

3. Select the object you want to mirror. The program will ask you to specify the first point of the mirror axis:

Specify first point of mirror line:

Specify second point of mirror line:

5. Turn on Ortho Mode (Orthogonal mode), by clicking the corresponding button at the bottom of the program window (if it is in this moment not pressed).

6. Select the second point below the first using the help mode Ortho Mode(Orthogonal mode) (Fig. 6.4). The program will display the object and issue a prompt:

Erase source objects? :

Rice. 6.4. Creating a mirror image of an object

7. Press the key Enter to accept the default and keep the original object.

Array call a set of homogeneous objects that form a single whole. AutoCAD arrays are a collection of copies of one object located at an equal distance from each other. Since arrays are associated with coordinate offsets, they can be rectangular And polar. In rectangular arrays, objects are shifted along coordinate axes, and such arrays are rectangular structures. In polar arrays, copying occurs around a single point, resulting in such aggregates having the shape of a circle.

To create an array, use the ARRAY command. It can be called by clicking the button of the same name on the tab Home(Main) in group Modify(Editing) ribbon or toolbar Modify(Editing). You can also use the menu command Modify > Array(Edit > Array) or enter ARRAY at the command line.

After running the command, a dialog box will appear Array(Array) (Fig. 6.5).

Rice. 6.5. Array Dialog Box

At the top of the window there is a switch that allows you to select the type of array: rectangular or polar. To the right of it is a button Select objects(Select Objects), by clicking, you can select objects to copy. The contents of the central part of the window change depending on the selected array type. Here you can specify various copy options. On the right is the preview area.

To create a rectangular array, select the radio button in the window Array(Array) to position Rectangular Array(Rectangular array). The following options will become available.

To change the number of rows and columns, use fields Rows(Strings) and Columns(Columns). As you change the number of rows and columns, the preview image will update.

Fields Row offset(Offset between lines) and Column offset(Offset between columns) are used to change the distance between rows and columns. With a positive parameter value Row offset(Offset between rows) rows are created in the positive axis direction Y(up), if negative – in the opposite direction. Negative value in the field Column offset(Offset between columns) means that the columns will be created from the left. Note the values ​​of these parameters and the preview image in Fig. 6.6.

Rice. 6.6. Specifying column and row offsets

You can define row and column offsets independently by entering values ​​in the text fields. Additionally, to the right of the margins is a combined button that allows you to select row and column offsets, defining two opposite corners of the rectangle. Length (x) rectangle – column offset, width (y)– line offset.

To indicate the total angle of the array, use the field Angle of array(Array corner). You can specify the numerical value of the angle in this field or by clicking the button Pick Angle of Array(Specify the angle of the array), located to the right of the field, select two points in the drawing. AutoCAD will measure the slope of the line between these two points and use it as the slope of the pattern (Figure 6.7). The default angle is 0°.

Rice. 6.7. Setting the overall angle of a rectangular pattern

As you change each of these values, the preview image updates to show you what the final array will look like. Abstract blocks are used here to represent actual objects. To see what your array will look like in the drawing, click the button Preview (Preview). AutoCAD will temporarily hide the dialog box Array(Array) and will show an array using the objects you selected. Button Preview(Preview) will only be available after you select objects.

Practice creating a rectangular pattern by following these steps.

1. Draw an object, such as an ellipse.

Array(Array).

Rectangular Array(Rectangular array) and click on the button Select objects(Selecting objects). Select the ellipse and press the key Enter to return to the window Array(Array).

4. Enter the following parameter values: Rows(Lines) – 4, Columns(Columns) – 6, Row offset(Offset between lines) – 2 4 0, Column offset(Offset between columns) – 2 8 0, Angle of array(Array angle) – 10.

5. Click the button Preview(Preview). A preview of the array will appear on the screen. If the window Array(Array) is preventing you from seeing the array, just drag this window past the title bar.

6. Click the button Accept(Accept) to complete the ARRAY command. The drawing should resemble that shown in Fig. 6.8.

Rice. 6.8. Rectangular array of ellipses at 10° angle

To create a polar array, select the radio button in the window Array(Array) to position Polar Array(Polar array) (Fig. 6.9).

Rice. 6.9. Polar array creation window

The following options become available.

Fields X And Y serve to indicate the center of the circle along which the array elements will be located. The center can also be set by pressing the button Pick Center Point(Specify the center point) located to the right of the margins, and pointing it on the drawing with the mouse.

The polar massif is characterized by three parameters: the number created elements (Total number of items), the total angle filled by the array (Angle to fill) and the angle between the elements (Angle between items). To create an array, you need to set two parameters, for which in the drop-down list Method(Method) you must select which parameters will be used.

Note

When defining a fill angle or an angle between elements, a positive value will copy the elements in a counterclockwise direction, and a negative value will copy the elements in a clockwise direction.

At the bottom of the window is a checkbox that allows you to specify whether individual objects in the array should be rotated. When the checkbox is cleared, objects retain their original angle, and when checked, each element, when aligned in a circle, rotates around the base point.

When the button is pressed More(More) will be displayed additional settings rotation of objects (Fig. 6.10). By default, objects rotate in their own way. Linear objects (lines, polylines, rays, etc.) - relative to their starting point. Circles, arcs and ellipses are relative to their central points. Blocks and text are rotated about their insertion point, and straight lines are rotated about the middle. In order for them to rotate relative to the base point, you need to uncheck the box Set to object's default(Default settings) and in the fields X And Y indicate the coordinates of the point.

Rice. 6.10. Object Rotation Options

Let's look at the process of creating a polar array.

1. Draw a figure similar to the one shown in Fig. 6.11.

Rice. 6.11. Source figure for polar array

2. Call the ARRAY command. A dialog box will appear on the screen Array(Array).

3. Set the switch to position Polar Array(Polar array) and click on the button Select objects(Selecting objects). Select the original shape and press the key Enter to return to the window Array(Array).

4. Click the button Pick Center Point(Specify Center Point) and set the center of the pattern to a point below the shape on its centerline.

5. Dropdown Method(Method) select item Total number of items & Angle to fill(Total number of elements and fill angle).

6. Set the parameter Total number of items(Total number of elements) value is 8, and the parameter Angle to fill(Fill angle) – 3 6 0.

7. Click the button OK. Your drawing should resemble the one shown in Fig. 6.12.

Rice. 6.12. Polar Massif

To rotate objects, use the ROTATE command. With its help, you can rotate objects at a certain angle and around a specified point.

To run the ROTATE command, click the button Rotate(Rotate) tab Home(Main) in group Modify(Editing) ribbon or toolbar Modify(Editing). You can also run the menu command Modify > Rotate(Edit > Rotate) or enter ROTATE at the command line.

After running the command you will be prompted:

Select objects:

Select the objects you want to rotate and press Enter or Space to accept the selection set. The program will issue the following request:

Specify base point:

In response, use the mouse to specify the point around which the rotation will occur, after which the last request will appear - to indicate the angle of rotation:

<0>:

The rotation angle can be specified in one of three ways:

Using the mouse, using the base point as the vertex of the corner;

Entering the angle value from the keyboard;

Using the Reference parameter, set the starting angle and then the new one.

Note

It is also possible to specify a base point using Cartesian coordinates in the field next to the pointer or on the command line. For example, to rotate an object using the drawing origin as the base point, you can type 0.0 and press Enter at the Specify base point: prompt.

To set the rotation angle using the mouse, simply move the pointer around the base point until the object takes the desired position (Fig. 6.13).

Rice. 6.13. Preview of an object after rotation

Advice

You can use Ortho Mode or polar tracking aids to quickly and accurately rotate objects to desired angles.

The rotation angle value can be simply entered from the keyboard. The current reference angle and direction are used to measure angles. The default reference angle is 0° (East) with the measurement direction counterclockwise. When the command is executed, the current direction and base angle are displayed on the command line as follows:

Current positive angle in UCS: ANGDIR=counterclockwise ANG– BASE=0

Entering an angle value and pressing a key Enter rotate the selected object by the specified angle.

Note

You can enter a negative angle and rotate objects in the opposite direction. For example, entering a value of -45° is equivalent to entering a value of 315°: the object will take the same position as a result of rotation in different directions.

The Reference parameter allows you to rotate objects by specifying a direction or starting angle and then specifying a new, absolute rotation angle. AutoCAD will rotate the object by calculating the difference between the direction angle and the new angle.

This parameter is invaluable if you do not know the existing rotation angle of an object. Using the capture function, you can capture two points on objects that define the current angle. Then in response to the request:

Specify the new angle or<0>:

you must enter the angle from the keyboard or, using the Points parameter, select two points to define a new angle (Fig. 6.14).

Rice. 6.14. Rotation using the Reference parameter

Using the parameter Copy commands ROTATE can not only rotate objects, but also create copies of them. When you select this option in response to the Specify rotation angle or<0>: The following prompt will appear:

Rotating a copy of the selected objects.

Specify rotation angle or<0>:

The rotation angle can be set using any of the methods described previously. In Fig. Figure 6.15 shows the result of using the Copy parameter when executing the ROTATE command.

Rice. 6.15. Result of rotating objects with copying

To practice your acquired knowledge, follow these steps:

1. Call the ROTATE command and select the object in the drawing that you want to rotate. The first prompt will appear:

Specify base point:

2. Specify the center of rotation, and the program will prompt you to determine the angle of rotation:

Specify rotation angle or<0>:

3. Use the mouse to rotate the object to any angle.

4. To return the object to its original position, press the key Esc. You can also click Undo(Cancel) on the panel quick access or on the toolbar Standard(Standard).

5. Call the ROTATE command again and select the object in the drawing that you want to rotate. A prompt will appear:

Specify base point:

6. Specify the center of rotation. The following prompt appears to determine the rotation angle:

Specify rotation angle or<0>:

7. Enter the value 4 5 and press the key Enter. The object will be rotated 45°.

8. Enter the command U and press the key Enter or Space, to undo the changes.

9. Call the ROTATE command again and select an object in the drawing. After this, the program will ask you to specify the base point:

Specify base point:

10. Specify the center of rotation. A prompt will appear:

Specify rotation angle or<0>:

11. Select the Copy option using the arrow keys or by entering C at the command prompt and pressing Enter.

12. Enter the value 6 0 and press the key Enter. The object will be rotated and copied.

To resize objects in AutoCAD, use the SCALE command (see also the video “Lesson 6.1. Rotating and scaling objects”).

To run the SCALE command, click the button Scale(Scale) tab Home(Main) in group Modify(Editing) ribbon or toolbar Modify(Editing). You can also run the menu command Modify > Scale(Edit > Scale) or enter SCALE at the command line.

After calling the SCALE command, the program will prompt you to select objects:

Select objects:

Select the objects that you want to scale and press Enter or Space, to accept the selection set. The following query requires you to specify the base point relative to which the scale will change:

<1.0000>:

The scaling factor can be specified in one of three ways:

Using the mouse, using the base point as a vertex;

Entering the coefficient from the keyboard;

Using the Reference parameter, set the initial size (length) and then the new one. This can be done either from the keyboard or by pointing points on the drawing.

When using the mouse, you simply move the pointer to select a point on the drawing to indicate the desired scale factor. In this case, a preliminary view of the object is displayed (Fig. 6.16).

Rice. 6.16. Changing the scale of an object

Note

There is also the option to enter the Cartesian coordinates of the base point in the field next to the pointer or on the command line. For example, to scale an object using the drawing origin as the base point, you can enter a value of 0.0 and press Enter at the Specify base point: prompt.

The scale value can also be entered using the keyboard. With a scaling factor greater than 1, objects are enlarged, and with a smaller factor, their size is reduced. The scaling factor must always be greater than zero.

The Reference parameter allows you to scale objects by defining an initial length and then a new absolute length. AutoCAD determines the required scale factor by calculating the difference between the original length and the new length. You can enter the length using the keyboard or select two points in the figure that define the relative length. The Reference parameter is simply necessary if you do not know the length of an existing object, but only have the required one. Using the capture function, you can capture two points on an object that define its length. AutoCAD will then prompt you to set the new length:

Specify new length or<1.0000>:

You can enter the length from the keyboard or use the Points parameter to select two points to specify a new length.

Using the Copy parameter of the SCALE command, you can not only change the scale of objects, but also create their copies. When choosing this parameter in response to the request Specify scale factor or<1.0000>: The following prompt appears:

Scaling a copy of the selected objects.

Specify scale factor or<1.0000>:

You can use any method to determine the scale factor. An example of resizing with copying an object is shown in Fig. 6.17.

Rice. 6.17. Result of rescaling with object copying

Reinforce the material covered by completing the following exercise.

1. Call the SCALE command and select an object. The screen will ask you to determine the base point:

Specify base point:

2. Mark a base point. The program will ask you to determine the scale factor:

Specify scale factor or<1.0000>:

3. Scale the object in any ratio using the point selected by the mouse pointer.

4. Type the letter U into the command line or click the button Undo(Cancel) on the Quick Access Toolbar to return the object to its original size.

5. Call the SCALE command again and select the object. A prompt will appear on the screen:

Specify base point:

6. Select a base point and you will be prompted to specify the scale factor:

Specify scale factor or<1.0000>:

7. Enter value 2 and press key Enter or Space. The object will be doubled in size.

The BREAK command allows you to remove parts of an object or split it into two. To start it, press the button Break(Break) tab Home(Main) in group Modify(Editing) ribbon or toolbar Modify(Editing). You can also run the menu command Modify > Break(Edit > Break) or enter BREAK at the command line.

After calling the BREAK command, the program will prompt you to select an object. Simultaneously with the selection of the object, you specify the first break point. If you want to change it, you must select the First point option when prompted by the Specify second break point or: command to re-specify the first point. Then, after specifying the first point, when prompted by the program, specify the second point, and the gap will be created.

If you need to split one object into two without disturbing its geometry, simply use the @ symbol to define the second point. In this case, the program will place the second point in the same coordinates where the first one is located. As a result, two objects will be created, together making up the original one.

Sometimes the type of new objects created by splitting may be different from the original. When you break a line, AutoCAD simply creates two lines, however, when you break a circle, the program converts it to an arc. The order in which the points are selected determines how much of the circle will be saved. AutoCAD will delete the first part in the counterclockwise direction.

There are a few things to keep in mind when choosing the second break point. First, if you select a second point somewhere outside the object, AutoCAD will project the break point along a line perpendicular to the object and through the selected point. Second, if the second break point lies outside the object's boundaries, AutoCAD will simply delete everything between the first point and the object's boundary.

To create an object break, follow these steps:

1. Call the BREAK command and select a point on an object (for example, a circle) that will serve as the first break point. AutoCAD will ask you to specify a second point:

Specify second break point or:

2. Pick a second point somewhere near the circle to break the circle and create an arc part of it. The result should look something like the one shown in Fig. 6.18.

Rice. 6.18. Result of a circle break

Drawing objects can be connected by creating chamfers (beveled lines). “Chamfer” in metalworking parlance means making a bevel on a rectangular face of a part. The presence of such a function in AutoCAD is due to the fact that in many cases it is inconvenient to create images of these parts of the drawing using basic tools editing.

To create a chamfer (mitered corner) between two intersecting objects, use the CHAMFER command. It can be called by clicking on the button Chamfer(Chamfer) on tab Home(Main) in group Modify(Editing) ribbon or toolbar Modify(Editing). You can also run the menu command Modify > Chamfer(Edit > Chamfer).

When using the CHAMFER command, you must specify two distances (from the intersection point to each object) or a distance and an angle for the chamfer. The mEthod parameter allows you to choose which chamfering method to use.

By using this method you determine the distance from the intersection to the object along each line. The program calculates the distances from the intersection point to the first and second objects and then draws a line between these two points.

The Distance parameter allows you to adjust the chamfer lengths. The first length is applied to the first selected object, the second - to the second.

If the chamfer lengths are equal, a 45° chamfer is drawn. When you set the first distance, AutoCAD assigns that default value to the second distance. To accept it, just press the key Enter in response to the program request to enter a second chamfer distance.

The angle method uses distance and angle to define the chamfer line. The distance is subtracted from the first selected object to determine the starting point, and the chamfer line is drawn at a specific angle until it intersects the second object. By default, the angle is measured in a counterclockwise direction from the first object.

When you create a chamfer for a polyline using the Polyline option, the first and second objects are defined in the order in which the polyline was drawn. If you are in doubt or are not getting the results you expected, the best way, it may be possible not to use the Polyline parameter, but simply chamfer the polyline sections separately.

Let's look at the procedure for creating a chamfer.

1. Draw two lines perpendicular to each other (Fig. 6.19).

Rice. 6.19. Starting lines for chamfering

2. Run the CHAMFER command and select the Angle option. The screen will ask you to determine the length of the chamfer on the first line:

Specify chamfer length on the first line<0.0000>:

3. Enter the value 90 and press the key Enter or Space, to set the length. You will be prompted to specify the chamfer angle:

Specify chamfer angle from the first line<0>:

4. Enter the value 65 and press the key Enter or Space to set the chamfer angle. The program will ask you to select the first line:

5. Then provide the second line when prompted:

AutoCAD will bevel the corner. Please note that the distance 90 is measured from the first line you selected. The result should look something like the one shown in Fig. 6.20.

Rice. 6.20. Creating a chamfer by entering a single distance and angle

6. Enter the U command to undo the last chamfer.

7. Run the CHAMFER command again and select the Distance option. Set the first distance to 110.

8. AutoCAD sets the second distance to the default value corresponding to the first distance. Press the key Enter to accept this value. AutoCAD will prompt you to select the first line:

Select first line or :

Select one of the lines as the first one.

9. In response to the following prompt, provide the second line:

Select second line or shift-select to apply corner:

10. AutoCAD will chamfer and the drawing will look like the one shown in Fig. 6.21.

Rice. 6.21. Chamfer created by entering two distances

You became familiar with the basics of editing objects in AutoCAD, mastered such basic techniques as copying, mirroring, rotating, resizing objects, as well as more specific tools - creating an array of objects, breaks and chamfers.

Knowledge and confident command of editing techniques allows you to optimize the process of creating drawings, diagrams, plans, etc. You will be able to highlight the supporting structural elements of objects, find symmetry and similarity. This way, AutoCAD gives you more creativity while taking most of the tedious work out of your hands.

So, we use an existing object, which represents the outline of the left wall of a small cabinet in the drawing, to create on its basis using the tool Mirror reflection exactly the same object, which is a mirror image of the first.

Tool Mirror reflection allows you to create copies of symmetrically located drawing elements relative to the mirror axis, defined by two points. Since the accuracy of the display depends on the correct choice of the axis, it is very important to have a good idea of ​​what kind of result you want to get. In some cases where the advantage of mirroring is obvious, you can even draw a guide line to make it easier to select the endpoints of the mirror axis. But in our case, this will not be necessary, since the mirror image axis is already present in the drawing. However, to visualize it we will need to use the new object snap mode.

1. Click on the button Mirror reflection toolbars Change or select the command from the menu Edit » Mirror or enter the command in the command window Mirror.

2. When prompted to select objects, click on the outline of the left side wall of the small cabinet and press Enter to complete the selection. A prompt appears in the command window First point of the reflection axis:.

3. Click the button Middle toolbars Object snap. The object snap to midpoint mode will turn on (AutoCAD will automatically enter the command in the command window _mid). In this mode, AutoCAD can recognize the midpoints of objects.

4. Move the crosshair to the middle of one of the vertical lines indicating the outline of the façade of the small cabinet. Once AutoCAD recognizes the center of the line, a triangular marker will appear on the screen. Click to capture the coordinates of that point.

5. A prompt will appear in the command window Second point of the reflection axis:, and a reflected image of the original object will appear in the drawing, which will move in accordance with the movement of the mirror image axis, the position of which is determined by the first selected point and the current position of the crosshair pointer. 6. Re-enable tethering mode Middle and select the middle of the second vertical segment of the contour of the facade of the small cabinet (Fig. 4.52).

Rice. 4.52 Displaying a side wall relative to an axis passing through the midpoints of the vertical segments of the facade

7. The reflected image will disappear and a prompt will appear in the command window Delete source objects [Yes/No]:. This request means that before the command completes Mirror can delete the original object, leaving only its mirror copy in the drawing. In this case, we don't need it, so press Enter to cancel the deletion.

8. A mirror image of the right wall of the small cabinet will appear in the drawing, and the command Mirror will complete its work.

To complete the drawing, we only have a little work left to do: create the contours of the side walls of the cabinet system unit and a large cabinet, the outline of the facade of the large cabinet and the contours of three cutouts in the facades of the small and large cabinets, as well as the table drawer (these cutouts will contain mortise handles). In addition, you need to complete work on the contours of the shelves located in the left corner of the working area (see Fig. 4.1–4.3). Now you are quite ready to solve the last problem, so we will start with it.