Parameter name	Meaning
Article topic:	Buffering
Rubric (thematic category)	Computers

Features of information transmission using communication lines

Unidirectional and bidirectional communications between processes

With direct addressing, only one given communication medium must be used to exchange data between two processes, and only those two processes are associated with it. With indirect addressing, there can be more than two processes using the same object for data, and more than one object must be shared by two processes.

Highlight two types of communication:

Unidirectional communication;

Bidirectional communication.

At unidirectional communication each process associated with it can use the communication medium either only to receive information or only to transmit it. At bidirectional communication Each process involved in communication can use the communication to both receive and transmit data. In communication systems, it is common to call unidirectional communication simplex, bidirectional communication with alternate transmission of information in different directions - half duplex, and bidirectional communication with the possibility of simultaneous transmission of information in different directions - duplex. Direct and indirect addressing are not directly related to the direction of communication.

The transfer of information between processes via communication lines is quite secure compared to the use of shared memory and quite informative compared to signaling means of communication. At the same time, shared memory should not be used to connect processes operating on different computers. Perhaps it is in connection with this that communication channels have become most widespread among other means of process communication. Related to the logical implementation of channel communications are buffering, I/O flow, and messages.

The communication line stores information sent by one process before it is received by another process in a buffer. Let's highlight three options for communication channel buffer volumes:

1. Buffer of zero capacity or missing. No information can be stored on the communication line. In this case, the process sending the information must wait until the process receiving the information deigns to receive it before doing any further business.

2. Buffer of limited capacity. The buffer size is n, that is, the communication line cannot store more than n units of information. If there is enough space in the buffer at the time of data transmission, then the sending process should not wait for anything. The information is simply copied to the buffer.
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If at the time of data transmission the buffer is full or there is not enough space, then it is extremely important to delay the sending process until there is free space in the buffer.

3. Buffer of unlimited capacity. Theoretically this is possible, but practically it is unlikely to be realized. A process sending information never waits for another process to complete its transmission and reception.

When using a channel communication medium with indirect addressing, buffer capacity is usually understood as the amount of information that must be placed in an intermediate object for storing data.

2) I/O stream and messages

Exists two models of data transmission over communication channels:

I/O stream;

Messages.

IN message models processes impose some structure on the transmitted data. They divide the entire flow of information into separate messages, introducing message boundaries between the data. At the same time, to transmitted information indications must be attached as to who sent the particular message and for whom it was intended. All messages may have the same fixed size or may be of variable length. The CS uses a variety of communication means to transmit messages: message queues, sockets, etc.

Both stream links and message channels may or may not have a buffer.
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Buffer capacity for data streams is measured in bytes, and buffer capacity for messages is measured in messages.

Buffering - concept and types. Classification and features of the category "Buffering" 2017, 2018.

Buffering is a way of organizing exchange, namely input and output of data in computing devices and computers. The buffer is used as a place to temporarily store data. During data entry, some devices write data to a buffer, while others read data from a buffer. When outputting, everything is exactly the opposite.

Where do we meet buffering?

Virtually all processes in a PC are related to this process. It is not easy for an uninformed person to understand what buffering is. However, it is very simple to observe: the same movie downloading online - data is buffered, the movie is loaded into the CACHE and played, although it is not on the computer.

This operation allows processes to perform data input and output independently of each other. Due to its usefulness, buffering is used in multifunctional operating systems.

Several of its types are used in computer graphics for input, output and image processing. Their implementation occurs in hardware or software.

An example of buffering is the modem's RAM, which is used to temporarily store received and sent files.
An example of buffering in software are multitasking operating systems, in which, when entering data for printing, files are temporarily downloaded into the print queue.

Advanced PC users need to know what buffering is.
In the field information technologies There is always superficial information and in-depth information. Having understood what buffering is, you can go further and consider its types in more detail.

It is known that double and triple buffering exist. They will be discussed in the next subheading.

Triple buffering - what is it?

In computer graphics this type The process under discussion is a type of double buffering. The only difference is in the image output method. Triple allows you to avoid or reduce the number of artifacts. There are also differences between double and triple buffering in image output speed.

The triple buffering method is also synchronization with the Third buffer is used here as a method of providing free space for change requests in the total volume of graphics output. It acts as a kind of storage facility. The triple buffering method requires more resources, but provides consistent frame rates.

Three buffers are not limit quantity. However, there is no need for 4 or more places for temporary storage of downloaded files; only 3 of them will always work actively. Therefore, the best option is triple buffering.

Let's look at what buffering is in games?

Buffering is also used to transmit game images. The games use both double and triple. Double buffering is intended for weaker PCs and OS, while triple buffering is for more powerful ones.

If you use triple buffering on a weak OS, the game may glitch. In other words, performance depends on what type of process is running on your computer. Games are also different, with different requirements for the PC and OS.

Selecting the type of buffering is quite difficult, since game manufacturers create their creations using a variety of methods. That's why you'll often hear on gaming forums about how a certain game doesn't work well with triple buffering, and vice versa.

Ideally, manufacturers should indicate system requirements a specific game, its compatibility with various operating systems, buffering support, etc.

If the manufacturer has not provided specific information regarding compatibility, you can check it yourself. In any case, it only wastes time; it will not cause any harm to the computer. Incompatibility can be noticed almost immediately, as it is reflected in the inhibition of graphic visualization and poor synchronization of image and sound.

About output buffering

Output buffering is quite a useful thing. This function consists of stacking all the output of the script, adding cookie headers and other resulting script output. After information processing is completed, all data is sent to the client in reverse order, that is, first the headers, then the page and then the result of the script.

The power of output buffering

1. Sending cookies from absolutely anywhere in the script.
2. Session starts at any time.
3. Compressing data before sending it to the client.

Please note that compression will require additional CPU resources. But the transfer speed will increase by 40% (depending on the number of pictures and text). It is known that pictures are compressed much worse than text. Output buffering is not enabled by default.

There are 2 methods to enable output buffering:

1. Suitable for those who own the server itself or who have access to the php.ini file. All that is required is to find the output_buffering directive in this file and assign it the value On.
2. The second way is to use ob_start() in a script whose output needs to be buffered.

So we figured out what buffering is.

what is buffering and got the best answer

Answer from Yosha Besfamilny [guru]
Buffering (from the English buffer) is a method of organizing data input and output in computers and other computing devices, which involves the use of a buffer for temporary data storage. When entering data, some devices or processes write data to the buffer, while others read from it, and when outputting, vice versa. The process that writes to the buffer can immediately continue working without waiting for the data to be processed by another process for which it is intended. In turn, a process that has processed a certain portion of data can immediately read the next portion from the buffer. Thus, buffering allows processes doing input, output, and processing to run in parallel without waiting for another process to do its part of the work. Therefore, data buffering is widely used in multitasking operating systems.

Answer from 2 answers[guru]

Hello! Here is a selection of topics with answers to your question: what is buffering?

Answer from Sweet[guru]
loading. most often a video or clip if you watch from the internet

Answer from 3akypu_nanupocky[guru]
Insertion of silicone implants.
Joke. Buffering (from the English buffer) is a method of organizing data input and output in computers and other computing devices, which involves the use of a buffer for temporary data storage For the full answer, see the source

Answer from FAVan[guru]
Copying data to a preliminary clipboard (usually random access memory) to increase reading speed when the device (usually HDD or CD-ROM) is busy with something else.

Answer from NikolaiCh™[guru]
Buffering is the process of building a certain neighborhood around an object, which in turn can be a new object. Let's give a more detailed definition of a buffer. Let an object (a bounded and continuous set) A be located on a plane on which a rectangular coordinate system (X,Y) is specified. Buffer O of radius R is a set of points for which the following condition is satisfied:
x, y belongs to O(R) if p((x,y), (x0, y0))<= R., где p- расстояние. , а x0, y0 может быть любой точкой принадлежащей А
Buffers for objects of various types of localization are shown in Fig. 5.
Buffers are used if it is necessary to build “zones of influence” or “reach zones” defined by some object. The constructed zones can be used to determine areas of the territory where there is a combination of certain factors or to find various objects that are “affected” by the original object. Such zones may include: security zones of utility lines, zones of increased danger during blasting operations, zones of transport reach, etc.
As an example of the use of buffering, consider the problem of determining the best location of a mining and processing plant that receives raw materials from several quarries by road and sends concentrate to the consumer by rail. Let it be further known that it is unprofitable to transport raw materials by road at a distance of more than 10 km, and the plant should be located in close proximity to the main railway (up to 1 km). A digital map containing layers of quarries and railways is taken as initial information. The solution to the problem will look like this. First we must build buffers around quarries with a radius of 10 km and buffers around railways with a radius of 1 km. Next, we must find the intersection of all constructed buffers (for this we can use the overlay described above). An enrichment plant can be placed inside this area. If there is no such site, then a partial solution to the problem (servicing only a few quarries) is possible, or the solution to the problem is impossible at all.

The section is very easy to use. Just enter the desired word in the field provided, and we will give you a list of its meanings. I would like to note that our site provides data from various sources - encyclopedic, explanatory, word-formation dictionaries. Here you can also see examples of the use of the word you entered.

Meaning of the word buffering

Wikipedia

Buffering (computer science)

Buffering- a method of organizing exchange, in particular, input and output of data in computers and other computing devices, which involves the use of a buffer for temporary storage of data. When entering data, some devices or processes write data to the buffer, while others read from it, and when outputting, vice versa. The process that writes to the buffer can immediately continue working without waiting for the data to be processed by another process for which it is intended. In turn, a process that has processed a certain portion of data can immediately read the next portion from the buffer. Thus, buffering allows processes doing input, output, and processing to run in parallel without waiting for another process to do its part of the work. Therefore, data buffering is widely used in multitasking operating systems.

Buffering, based on the principle of its construction, happens transparent(an example is disk write caching when processes or devices are unaware of the existence of a buffering procedure between them), and opaque, when the parties require knowledge about the buffer to complete the exchange. A good example. Paper mail items are encapsulated into mail bags, then into train cars, cars and other vehicles. The sender and recipient are required to know only one level of buffering - mailboxes. The remaining levels are transparent to the user.

The terms “transparent” and “opaque” buffering are not entirely useful, as they can be somewhat confusing. More successful terms could be “invisible” and “visible buffering,” respectively.

The video does not load, the screen says: Buffering. What is buffering?

Buffering is a method in which information arriving at a device is temporarily stored in a so-called buffer.

The video you want to watch first goes to the buffer, and only then from it to the player. When uploading to the buffer, a window appears with the inscription Buffering.

To be displayed on your computer, the video must first be loaded into the buffer. Usually you don't notice this - buffering happens instantly (almost). But if the Internet loads slowly, then buffering takes a long time and the video does not turn on until the required segment of the video gets into the buffer.

Buffering is the process of loading the contents of a stream (in this case, video) into a data exchange buffer (between processor caches, or RAM or application memory on the hard drive and RAM, which is most likely).

I don’t undertake to diagnose it because maybe the speed of the net is lagging, if there is no 3g at least the video stream will not work, it needs a speed of 128 kb/sec, this is the minimum resolution on the phone 320*240 which has a screen and then in increasing order).

It is also possible that the application does not have enough cache space...

It is still possible that the site does not distribute at such a speed that the flow flows normally to all users; the distributed load on the server lags.

Try asking a specific question or describing a specific example so that you can answer in more detail...

Buffering is a derived concept from the word buffer.

Literally means a memory area allocated to a program, in this case a player, to accumulate data received from the Internet with some advance.

This is done to prevent pauses and stops during playback of non-material due to delays in the data flow.

On the Internet, information is not transmitted in a continuous stream, like music from a speaker.

Transmitted in digital packets of 1500 bits.

Packets are often lost. On average, after 20 transitions from server to server, the packet receives the label “prodigal son” and does not go further.

Your player, noticing that there is not enough packet in the buffer, sends a repeat request.

If he manages to insert the missing package, your video will not stop.

In your case, it looks like nothing is entering the buffer.

There could be many reasons. We need to figure it out. Or just roll back.

Buffering is a process that ensures synchronization between input and output of information in computer systems. When watching video files online on the Internet, some of the information is stored in cache memory or a special buffer. The video is not loading due to limited download bandwidth or slow Internet speed of your provider.

The inscription Buffering when watching videos, as far as I understand it, means that the video player is first trying to download (accumulate) enough video frames from the Internet in order to then show it. This is when the speed of displaying frames on the screen exceeds the speed of downloading these frames from the Internet. Therefore, they are loaded in portions. For example, it first downloads 1000 frames, and then starts showing. While these frames are downloading, you are shown the message Buffering. While you are watching these 1000 frames, he manages to download some more frames and so on until you catch up (the downloaded frames will not end). Then the message Buffering will appear again.

This can happen either if the Internet speed is low, or if the server provides information from the site slowly. This can be either if the hosting on the site is cheap, or if at the same time many people are watching the video from this site with you and the output speed is divided among everyone, which makes it less for each of the viewers. On some sites it slows down at one time of day and is normal at another. This means that in the first case we got into rush hour, that is, when the maximum number of people watching videos.

Buffering This is often a necessary process, especially if the user does not have such a fast Internet connection. Buffering is necessary for the video to be shown without jerking, stuttering and other problems when viewing. It’s better to be patient a little, wait until the buffering ends and then watch the video or movie without any problems.

First, when buffering, the video is loaded into the buffer, and then played back to the user.

For me, buffering only occurred when I was loading songs on my phone.

It automatically opened the song and buffered it during the download process.

Perhaps you are actually on those sites where the video immediately starts loading, without the ability to view it online.

Or you have problems with the Internet.